Air Traffic Control

1. Air Traffic Control

2. Air Traffic Control • There are different types of air traffic controllers who communicate with pilots from the time the pilot calls for a clearance to taxi and takeoff through landing. • Ground Control: To move from parking to the runway at controlled airports, the pilot must contact the ground controller and request to taxi to the runway. • Tower Controller: This position generally controls the airspace up to 2,500 feet above the airport with a typical radius of 5 statutemiles around the airport. • Approach/Departure Controller: At some airports, there is an approach and departure controller who handles movement of aircraft in and out of congested areas using radar. • Center Controller: The Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC or "center") controller handles a larger area than other controllers.

3. Other Services • Automated Terminal Information Service (ATIS), Automated Surface Observation System (ASOS), and the Automated Weather Observation System (AWOS): • Recorded messages that broadcast important airport and weather information at selected airports. • Clearance Delivery: After a pilot files a flight plan, the first controller contacted is clearance delivery. This controller will read a clearance that defines the destination, route, altitudes, and any special instructions ATC is expecting the pilot to follow during flight. • Nontowered Operations (Uncontrolled Airports): Airports that are not equipped with control facilities (ground, tower, approach, or departure) are called nontowered, or uncontrolled, airports. Pilots operating on or around these airports use a Common Traffic Advisory Frequency or CTAF (pronounced "see-taff") to announce their intentions to other aircraft in the area.

4. Air Traffic Control

5. Radar Display

6. RADAR • RAdio Detection And Ranging • Designed shortly before World War II, its primary purpose was to detect the presence of aircraft. • Principle of using radio waves to detect the presence of objects

7. Radar Principle Radar antenna rotates 3600 sending out radio waves or electromagnetic pulses that are invisible to humans.

8. Radar Principle The electromagnetic pulses strike an object and are reflected back to the antenna. Electromagnetic Pulse sent Since the pulse’s speed is known, the time between the pulse being sent and it’s reflected return to the radar antenna determines the airplane’s range/distance Distance = Speed x Time Pulse reflected back to radar

9. Radar Principle With the distance of the aircraft known, the angle of the radar antenna is used to determine the height (altitude) of the aircraft Slant Range Distance Angle in degrees Ground Distance

10. RADAR • Play “How Radar Works” video How Radar Works

11. Radar Screen

12. RADAR SCREEN CONTROLS The Radar Screen is configured and controlled via the Radar Options panel.

13. RADAR SYMBOLOGY Radar “return” with history trails Data “Tag” with flight information Transponder: A device on the aircraft that sends an identifying signal with encoded information in response to a signal received from radar.

14. SESSION INFORMATION The Session Information panel provides you with a list of all the aircraft displayed on the radar, as well as details about each aircraft. The list is sorted by distance from the control station, with the closest aircraft at the top of the list.

15. DETERMINING DIRECTION 0 /360 degrees 270 degrees 90 degrees 180 degrees

16. Phonetic Alphabet/Common Terms Comm Link

17. Airplane Clock Positions

18. Airplane Clock Positions • How many degrees are there between “clock positions”?

19. Airplane Clock Positions • How many degrees are there between “clock positions”? • There are 360 degrees in a circle.

20. Airplane Clock Positions • How many degrees are there between “clock positions”? • There are 360 degrees in a circle. • There are 12 clock positions.

21. Airplane Clock Positions • How many degrees are there between “clock positions”? • There are 360 degrees in a circle. • There are 12 clock positions. • Therefore, 360 degrees/12 positions =

22. Airplane Clock Positions • How many degrees are there between “clock positions”? • There are 360 degrees in a circle. • There are 12 clock positions. • Therefore, 360 degrees/12 positions = 30 Degrees between clock positions

23. COMMUNICATIONS • Your radio transmissions will have three parts: WHO YOU ARE CALLING, WHO YOU ARE, and the MESSAGE • To transmit, press and hold “Transmit” button • Allow about 1 second before speaking • Speak in a normal tone and rate • After transmitting, release “Transmit” button and listen

24. SAMPLE TRANSMISSIONS Aircrew - Tower (requesting permission to land): • Crew initiates – “Tower, Baron Two Three Lima, request landing.” • Tower replies – “Baron Two Three Lima, Tower, winds are calm, check landing gear down, cleared to land.” • Crew confirms – “Baron Two Three Lima, landing gear down, cleared to land.”

25. Airplane Clock Positions

26. Airplane Clock Positions A clock position is the relative direction of an object described using the analogy of a 12-hour clock. Imagine a clock face lying flat in front of you.

27. Airplane Clock Positions • Using this analogy, 12 o'clock means ahead, 3 o'clock means to the right, 6 o'clock means behind, and 9 o'clock means to the left • The other eight hours refer to directions that are not directly in line with the four major directions.

28. Airplane Clock Positions • As an Air Traffic Controller, how would you alert the pilot (call sign Cessna 33V) that the airport is 6 miles ahead and slightly to the right of the aircraft?

29. Airplane Clock Positions • “Cessna Three Three Victor, the airport is at your 1 o'clock and 6 miles.”

30. Questions?