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Cells and organelles Methods for studying cells The organelles, their structure and function

Cells and organelles Methods for studying cells The organelles, their structure and function . How big is a cell?. Advances in microscope technology have enhanced cell studies (and even the discovery of most organelles Microscopes are used to view living or fixed cells;

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Cells and organelles Methods for studying cells The organelles, their structure and function

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  1. Cells and organelles Methods for studying cells The organelles, their structure and function

  2. How big is a cell?

  3. Advances in microscope technology have enhanced cell studies (and even the discovery of most organelles Microscopes are used to view living or fixed cells; vary in resolution; may require staining of subject cells (cytology)

  4. Types of light microscopy

  5. Electron microscopy- internal (TEM) and external (SEM) ultrastructure Brightfield (in Merrill 6)- arrangement of cells Phase-contrast- living cells differential-interference-contrast confocal Fluorescence- identify specific structures in cells

  6. Functional studies of organelles

  7. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are very different in size and complexity (What are the structures essential to all cells?)

  8. Bacteria fall roughly into two groups Eubacteria –”typical” bacteria Archaea –live in extreme environments many have unique structural and metabolic properties All are prokaryotes All live as single-celled organisms, although some aggregate

  9. Bacteria move with flagella

  10. Bacterial shapes Round (cocci) Rod-shaped (bacilli) Helical (spirilla, spirochetes) Cell wall can vary in composition Some are motile Some are “adherent” Some form capsules Some form endospores

  11. Most do NOT cause disease How do they? invade and damage tissues produce toxins

  12. Prokaryotes 1-5 m; eukaryotes 10-100m

  13. Unique structure target for antibiotics

  14. Prokaryotes are much more diverse in metabolism than eukaryotes Some can metabolize cellulose; oil Can synthesize all 20 amino acids (we can only synthesize 11) Nitrogen fixation All mae and use ATP, though

  15. No nucleus; single circular chromosome E. coli: 3 million bp. Humans: 3 billion bp Many bacteria have plasmids

  16. The story so far • All organisms are made of one or more cells • Replication and metabolism occur within cells • Cells are very small to achieve a favorable surface-to-volume ratio • Special techniques and instruments are needed to view cells • Prokaryotes are simple but well adapted for survival

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