Cells and Cell Organelles

1. Cells and Cell Organelles

2. Cells and Organelles Cells are the basic “living” unit in an organism that has • structure • function • organization Organelles are the parts within a cell that work together for the cell to function. • Made up of molecules

3. The Plasma Membrane(in all cells) • It is a semi-permeable barrier that allows for the passage of somethings based upon ______, _______, and _____________. charges size solubility in fat

4. Plasma Membrane’s Microvilli(animal cells) • Fingerlike-projections from the cell’s membrane • increase the surface area for better absorption or excretion

5. Cell Wall(in plant cells and prokaryotic cells) plasma membrane • Surrounding the , this 1. provides support2. protectsplant cells and prokaryotes

6. Cytoplasm(in all cells) • The jelly-like fluid that holds all organelles (cell parts) within the cell

7. Cilia and Flagella (in all cells) • Hair-like projections that aide in movement • Cilia are shorter, more numerous and move back & forth • Flagella are longer & move in a snake-like motion.

8. SEM of a freeze-fractured nuclear membrane Nucleus and nucleolus(in eukaryotic cells) Nucleolus • _________make ribosomes in the nucleus • Nucleus holdsDNA wrappedaround proteins that form ________ • ____________, allow things to pass into and out of the nucleus chromatin Nuclear pores TEM of nuclear pores

9. Ribosomes: (in all cells)Function in protein synthesis (formation) • Proteins made by free ribosomes stay in the cell • Proteins made by attached ribosomes are shipped out of the cell or sent to the membrane Free ribosomes Attached ribosomes(on ER) Ribosome unit TEM of ribosomes

10. Endoplasmic Reticulum(in eukaryotic cells) There are two types: • ER has ribosomes attached. • Modifies & transports proteins • ER does not have ribosomes on it. • Makes • Breaks down carbohydrates • Detoxifies drugs & poisons Rough Smooth lipids (fat)

11. Vesicles (in eukaryotic cells) Organelles that transport proteins from the ER to the golgiapparatus and eventually to the plasma membrane

12. Golgi Apparatus (in eukaryotic cells) Vesicles It sorts, packages, and ships these proteins outside the cell or to the membrane. _______ carrying protein from the ER move here.

13. Mitochondria (in eukaryotic cells) takes place here. It is the “____________” of the cell because it creates energy called ATP using oxygen gas and sugar Cellular Respiration powerhouse

14. Chloroplasts (in plant cells) • This changes energy from the sun into chemical energy (sugar)in a process is called. To do this, H2O is also needed, and CO2 is released. photosynthesis

15. Vacuoles (in eukaryotic cells) • Large, central organelle in plants that stores water for photosynthesis • In animals, it stores water, waste, and food and is small in size compared to plant vacuoles

16. The Cytoskeleton (in all cells) • A cell’s internal skeleton

17. The Cytoskeleton (in all cells) 2. Moves the organelles within the cell and helps move flagella/cilia • Provides shape and support (skeletal) Organelle

18. Centrosome (in eukaryotic cells) and Centrioles (in animal cells only) • Centrosomes (in eukaryotes) make parts of the cytoskeleton and spindle fibers that help in cell division. • In animal cells, a pair of structures called (made of cytoskeleton) also help in cell division. centrioles Centrosome(halo) centrioles

19. Lysosomes (in animal cells) • Special vacuole in animal cells with _________ enzymes that help clean-up the cell Lysosome engulfing a worn-out organelle digestive