Tier 3 Methodology for Domestic Wood Combustion

1. A Tier 3 Methodology for (wood) domestic combustion Carlo Trozzi Stockholm (Sweden), 4-5 May 2011

2. TOPICS • Residential combustion (NFR 1A4bi) as key source • Informative Inventory Report (IIR) Analysis and some Tier 2 examples • Case study for a tentative methodology to evaluate domestic emissions from wood and other fuel burning • Prolegomena to a Tier 3 methodology

3. NFR 1A4bi as key source EEA Technical report No 7/2010

4. NFR 1A4bi as key source Rank of 1A4bi between NFRs (EU 27) Elaboration on data in EEA Technical report No 7/2010

5. NFR 1A4bi estimation methods (IIR)

6. NFR 1A4bi Tier 2: Austria • Three technology-dependent main sub categories (heating types) are considered: Central Heating, Apartment Heating, Stoves • Energy consumption by type of fuel and type of heating from a statistical evaluation of micro census data 1990, 1992, 1999, 2004, 2006 and 2008 (STATISTIK AUSTRIA) • The calculated shares are used to subdivide total final energy consumption to the several technologies • Specific considerations for given technologies

7. NFR 1A4bi Tier 2: Czech Republic • General Census data on the numbers of apartments heated according to the individual kinds of fuel (solid and gaseous fuels, electrical energy, central supply of heat, or combined methods); part of the data is up-dated annually • Calculation including the specific heat consumption for the individual groups of apartments (apartment buildings, family homes) and the climatic conditions in the given year yields the consumption of the basic kinds of fuel, burned in households in small home furnaces: brown coal, black coal, coke and natural gas

8. NFR 1A4bi Tier 2: Germany • Activity data from Energy balance. Average EFs from Tier 2&3 methods in a specific study (2005) • Appliance-related and source-category-specific emission factors determined in accordance with device design, age level, output category and typical mode of operation • Several technology-specific emission factors are aggregated in order to obtain mean emission factors weighted by energy inputs

9. NFR 1A4bi Tier 2: Norway • Use of wood in households after 2005 are based on responses to questions relating to wood-burning in Statistics Norway’s Travel and Holiday Survey • The figures in the survey refer to quantities of wood purchase and estimates for self-harvest, which not necessarily correspond to use • Combustion takes place in small ovens in private households • Figures on use of coal and coal coke are derived from information from sales statistics and main importer or suppliers

10. NFR 1A4bi Tier 2: Sweden • One-and two-dwellings statistics, Holiday cottages statistics and Multi-dwellings statistics are used as complementary data sources to get more details on biomass combustion • Biomass fuel consumption for heating residences are surveyed on the three most common combustion technologies: boiler, stoves and open fire places • Biomass activity data is separated on wood logs, pellets/briquettes and wood chips/saw dust • Emission factors for wood logs, pellets and wood chip using different combustion technologies

11. NFR 1A4bi Tier 2: Switzerland • A country specific Tier 2 method is used • Top-down method based on aggregated fuel consumption data from the Swiss overall energy statistics and on wood consumption from the Swiss wood energy statistics is used • For light fuel oil and natural gas the following sources are differentiated: • heat only boilers • combined heat and power production in turbines • combined heat and power production in engines

12. Case study for a tentative methodology to evaluate domestic emissions from wood and other fuel burning • Methodology goals • Obtain more accurate estimates • Evaluation of fuel consumption and emissions on a more detailed technologies split • More detailed allocation of fuel consumption and emissions to subnational areas • Include “ghost” consumptions and emissions (for example for self-harvest wood)

13. Wood burning proposed methodology Elaborate fuel sold from statistical sources Evaluate temperature on very detailed space grid by meteorological model Compute energy requirements on climatic areas by energy models based on temperature and census data about fuel use Compare energy requirements with fuel sold Use census data and/or specific survey for fuel/technologies allocation

14. Wood burning pilot study A pilot study was conduced in Italy inside Genova province (NUTS 3 territory) to evaluate natural gas and other fuel consumption on LAU 2 (municipalities)

15. Wood burning pilot study • Temperature trend assessed on an hourly basis, throughout the province on a grid of 1km x 1km by meteorological models for the reference year • Evaluation of the heat demand of the houses for typology by energy model • Evaluation of total requirements in all the municipalities using data on the stock of houses • Validation of total computed value for gas with quantity distributed by the gas network • Comparison of data for wood and liquid fuels with available statistics

16. Wood burning pilot study • Temperature model • Evaluation of the hourly values of temperatures at 1 km x 1 km grid with two meteorological models (MM5 mesoscale model of PSU/NCAR and Calmet model) • Assignment to each municipality the temperature of the mesh of City Hall

17. Pilot study –Temperature validation Conparison beween daily average temperature computed and measured at Genova Airport Measured Computed

18. Wood burning pilot study –Degree day • Evaluation of degree day (is the sum, extended to all days of a conventional one-year period, of the positive differences between the conventional daily temperature, set in Italy at 20 ° C, and the daily outside average temperature) • Use of degree day as input to energy model

19. Wood burning pilot study Municipality degree day

20. Wood burning pilot study –Energy model • The heating and hot water requirements of an “average” house was computed with DOCET model (made by Italy CNR / ENEA) in a series of simulations: • in each municipality (using degree day specific to municipalities) • for different types of housing (specific to municipalities) about: • period of construction (old / new house) • location (city center or isolated) • type of structure

21. Wood burning pilot study –Energy model • For a number of other parameters (external finish, top height, number of floors, wall thickness, window type, window area, etc.) were assigned default values (evaluated with a sensitivity study) • Total consumption in all the municipalities was obtained by multiplying the heating requirements of an “average” house for the number of houses powered by natural gas, liquid fuels or firewood (source: ISTAT national population census)

22. Wood burning pilot study –Results • For natural gas the following result was obtained as total provincial figure: • Model results 444.232.000 m3 • Total natural gas distributed by area network 472.313.000 m3 • The comparison shows that the total calculated is 94% of the distributed quantity • Given that the data of the gas distribution includes the consumption of commercial, institutional and small industrial plants, connected to city networks, the correspondence is very satisfactory

23. Wood burning Pilot study –Results • For wood the following result was obtained: • Model results 80.636 t (Genova Province) • Total estimate for Liguria Region 204.451 t • Allowed to cut firewood for Liguria Region 15.350 t • The comparison shows that the total calculated is 1332% of the data reported in official statistics • In this case the calculated total is far higher than official figures as expected, but less than data obtained by a survey conducted on the final consumer in other works: • Survey data 353.308 t for Liguria Region

24. Wood burning Pilot study (Liguria) • Effect of “new data” on total PM emissions

25. Prolegomena to a Tier 3 methodology • The pilot study can be used to define a generalized methodology for compute fuel consumptions on large scale in the frame of TFEIP activities • More census detailed data on number of installed facilities by type are useful (promote more detailed census data sheets)

26. Prolegomena to a Tier 3 methodology Categories Climatic region (i.e. cold, temperate, hot or nord, sud, or plain, hill, mountains) Home type (single houses, apartment, …) Technology (small boilers, centralized boilers, conventional stoves, advanced stoves, open fire places, …) Fuel (natural gas, pellets wood, chip wood, LPG, diesel oil, fuel oil, coal, …)

27. Prolegomena to a Tier 3 methodology • Input data • Monthly temperature by climatic region (meteorological model or stations) • Census number of appliance by climatic region, home type, technology and fuel (national census, surveys) • Emission factors by technology and fuel (GB updated)

28. Prolegomena to a Tier 3 methodology • Energy models application • Specific heat demand by temperature and home type (building energy models) • Specific studies must be realized to categorize functions of heat demand by climatic region and home type using building energy models as US DOE or similar ones

29. Prolegomena to a Tier 3 methodology • Computed data • Total annual energy demand (year by year) by climatic region, home type, technology and fuel • Air pollutants emissions by climatic region, home type, technology and fuel

30. Prolegomena to a Tier 3 methodology • Model validation • Comparison between total computed fuel consumptions and official energy balance data • Iterate the procedure if necessary or correct the official data for “ghost” consumptions (for example wood consumptions by “auto-producers”)