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A Cell organization

A Cell organization. A1 Prokaryotes A2 Eukaryotes A3 Microscopy A4 Cellular fractionation. A1 Prokaryotes. Prokaryotes Cell structure Bacterial cell walls. Prokaryotes. Prokaryotes are the most abundant organisms on earth. (bacteria and blue-green algae)

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A Cell organization

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  1. A Cell organization A1 Prokaryotes A2 Eukaryotes A3 Microscopy A4 Cellular fractionation

  2. A1 Prokaryotes • Prokaryotes • Cell structure • Bacterial cell walls

  3. Prokaryotes Prokaryotes are the most abundant organisms on earth.(bacteria and blue-green algae) A prokaryotic celldose not contain a membrane-bound nucleus. Sizefrom 0.1 to 10 μm

  4. Three basic shapes • Spherical(cocci:球菌) • Rodlike(bacilli:细菌，杆菌) • Helically coiled( spirilla:螺旋菌 ) • They fall into two groups:the eubacteria 真细菌and the archaebacteria（古细菌）.

  5. The eubacteria(真细菌) • Gram-positive • Gram-negative • Cyanobacteria (cyano深蓝色的-bacteria) in soil,water and living in or on larger organisms

  6. The archaebacteria • Sulfur硫bacteria • Methanogens（methane-甲烷） They grow in unusual environments: salt brines,hot acid springs,in the ocean depths

  7. Cell structure • Each prokaryotic cell is surrounded by aplasma membrane质膜. • The cell has no subcellular organelles,only infoldings of the plasma membrane calledmesosomes中间体. • The deoxyribonucleic aid (DNA) is condensed within the cytosol to form thenucleoid拟核. • Some prokaryotes have tall-likeflagella鞭毛.

  8. Cell structure

  9. Bacterial cell walls • The peptidoglycan (protein and oligosacca-ride) cell wall protects the prokaryotic cell from mechanical and osmotic pressure. • A Gram-positive bacterium has a thick cell wall surrounding the plasma membrane,whereas Gram-negative bacteria have a thinner cell wall and outer membrane,between which is the periplasmic space.

  10. Gram negative cell walls

  11. Eukaryotes Plasma membrane Nucleus细胞核 Endoplasmic reticulum内质网 Golgi apparatus高尔基体 Mitochondria线粒体 Chloroplasts 叶绿体Lysosomes溶酶体 Peroxisomes过氧化物酶体 Cytosol细胞溶胶 Cytoskeleton细胞骨架 Plant cell wall Plant cell vacuole液泡 A2 Eukaryotes

  12. Plant cell

  13. Animal cell

  14. Plasma membrane

  15. Cell nucleus

  16. Golgi

  17. Mitochondria structure

  18. Chloroplast

  19. Plant cell wall

  20. vacuole

  21. The cell structure 1

  22. Light microscopy Standard light microscopy Staining Dark-field microscopy Phase-contrast microscopy Immuno-fluorescence microscopy Confocal scanning microscopy Electron microscopy Transmission electron microscopy Sacnning eleutron microscopy A3 Microscopy

  23. A4 Cellular farctionation • Subcellular fractionation • Differential velocity centrifugation • Equilibrium density-gradient centrifugation • Rate-zonal centrifugation • Marker enzymes • Flow cytometry

  24. Differential velocity centrifugation

  25. byebye

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