Possible Level One - Preconventional answers (Punishment-Obedience; Naive Reward):

1. Possible Level One - Preconventional answers(Punishment-Obedience; Naive Reward): • Heinz should not steal the drug because he might be caught and sent to jail • Heinz should steal the drug because if he doesn’t then his wife might scold him • Heinz should steal the drug because it can cure his wife and then she can cook for him • Heinz should not steal the drug because the scientist spent many years of his life to make the drug and deserves a reward

2. Possible Level Two answers – Conventional answers (Good Boy-Nice Girl; Authority Orientation): • Heinz should steal the drug. He might go to jail for a short time, but his in-laws will think he is a good husband. • Brown should report Heinz because his boss will be pleased. • Brown should not report what he saw; Heinz will be pleased • The judge should not sentence Heinz to jail because he meant well

3. Possible Level Two Conventional answers continued • Heinz has a duty to steal the drug, but it is wrong to steal, so Heinz should be prepared to go to jail • The judge should sentence Heinz to jail or else there will be chaos in society

4. Possible Level Three - Postconventional (Universal Ethical Principles; Morality of individual principles & conscience) answers: • Everyone has the right to life regardless of the law, so he should steal the drug. If he is caught and prosecuted the law needs to be reevaluated • The scientist’s decision is despicable, but his right to fair compensation must be maintained; therefore, Heinz should not steal • Heinz should steal; preserving life is a higher moral obligation than preserving property

6. 1. What are the “two distinct features” of Kohlberg’s theory? • Moral reasoning is classified into three distinct levels • Everyone progresses through the levels in order, though not everyone reaches the highest level

7. 2. What were the results of a review of various studies testing Kohlberg’s hypothesis? • The majority of studies have supported his ideas – people seem to progress in the order he predicted, but at different ages

8. 3. Criticisms • Results show moral thinking, not moral behavior (although there is a modest correlation; too much focus on Kohlberg’s dilemmas) • Mixing of stages • Cultural disparities – concerns for social justice are not found in all cultures • Men and women may differ in their moral thinking – women are taught to have a “care orientation” whereas men have a “justice orientation” • Moral reasoning is dependent on the biological development of the brain – the prefrontal cortex must be properly functioning

10. 4. What have reviewers concludedconcerning Gilligan’s ideas about male and female differences in moral reasoning? • Only weak support for Gilligan’s theory • Men and women use a mixture of care and justice orientations depending on the situation