EOC Review Parts 1-4

1. EOC Review Parts 1-4

2. Part 1: Industrialization- Definitions • Rural- country • Urban- city • Mass Production- Producing a large amount of goods at one time. • robber barons- Big Business leaders that created monopolies, forcing small businesses to close. • Monopoly- When one company has complete control of an entire industry. • Homestead Act- This act gave 160 acres of land in the west to anyone willing to live on the land for 5 years and cultivate it (build a road, dig a well). • Manifest Destiny- The God-given right to move west. • Gold Rush- The rush to find gold in California in the 1800s.

3. Part 1: Industrialization- People • Jay Gould- A railroad tycoon • Cornelius Vanderbilt- Built the railroad from New York to Chicago. • Andrew Carnegie- Steel tycoon, owner of Carnegie Steel. • John D. Rockefeller- Oil tycoon, owner of Standard Oil. • J.P. Morgan- Banking tycoon, owner of U.S. Steel. • George Pullman- Created the railroad sleeping car and hotel on wheels. • George Westinghouse- Created the technology to send electricity over long distances and the airbrake for trains. • Alexander Graham Bell- Invented the telephone. • Thomas Edison- Invented the light bulb, phonograph, and kinetoscope. • The Dupont Family- Created smokeless gunpowder. • Gustavus Swift- Created the refrigerated car. • Milton S. Hershey- First person to mass produce chocolate. • Phillip Armour- Created the first fleet of refrigerated cars. **ADD SAMUEL MORSE- Invented the telegraph and Morse code.**

4. Part 1: Industrialization- Map • South- Cotton and Tobacco • Northern Midwest- Corn • Midwest- Wheat • West- Cattle

5. Part 1: Industrialization- Questions • Describe post-Civil War America. • Industry was growing in the North and people were moving West. • How did the inventions during this time period help advance society? • They helped increase production, allowed businesses to stay open longer, provided more jobs, etc. • Why did people move from rural areas to city areas during this time? • Jobs. • Explain the impact of Manifest Destiny on America. • It led to a rise in population in the West. It also caused the movement of Native Americans off of their land. • Explain the Gold Rush and its impact on America. • It led to a rise in population in the West.

6. Part 2: Immigration/Gilded Age- Definitions • Old Immigrant- Someone from Northern and Western Europe. • New Immigrant- Someone from Southern and Eastern Europe. • Ellis Island- The place where European immigrants entered America (NYC). • Angel Island- The place where Asian immigrants entered America (San Francisco) • Tenement- Poor housing units in cities. • Nativism- The belief that native-born white Americans were superior to immigrants. • Chinese Exclusion Act- This said that people from China could not enter the United States and those already here could not become citizens.

7. Part 2: Immigration/Gilded Age- People • Jacob Riis- Muckraker, Writer/photographer, wrote How the Other Half Lives, wanted to help the poor. • Upton Sinclair- Muckraker, wrote The Jungle, exposed the meat packing industry. • Lincoln Steffans- Muckraker, wrote The Shame of the Cities, exposed corruption in city governments. • Ida Tarbell- Muckraker, wrote A History of Standard Oil, exposed corruption in John D. Rockefeller’s company.

8. Part 2: Immigration/Gilded Age- Questions • Why did people migrate to the United States in the early 1800s? • Jobs, escape political/religious persecution, escape famine (Irish Potato Famine), new life, meet family. • Why were cities growing during this time? • Immigration was bringing a lot of people in. People could also find factory jobs in the cities. • Name three urban areas that grew during this time. • New York City, Chicago, Philadelphia, San Francisco. • Why did many people dislike the immigrants? • They were taking jobs and they were different.

9. Part 3: Political Changes in the Late 1800s- Definitions • Black Friday of 1869- The day the price of gold dropped and gold investors lost their money. Grant Administration. • Credit Mobilier- A scandal involving the Union Pacific Railroad placing profits in a fake company called Credit Mobilier so that they wouldn’t have to pay back their government loans. Grant Administration. • Whiskey Ring- A scandal involving whiskey distributors, buyers, and politicians who were collecting an extra tax on whiskey for profit. Grant Administration. • Tammany Hall- A political machine in NYC run by Boss Tweed. • Pendleton Act- This set up the civil service commission and the civil service exam to stop corruption and patronage. • Civil Service Reform- This included the Pendleton Act and was meant to stop corruption and patronage. • Granger Movement- The farmers movement to lower freight rates. Also known as the Farmers’ Alliance. • Interstate Commerce Act- This created the Interstate Commerce Commission and regulated railroads.

10. Part 3: Political Changes in the Late 1800s- People • Ulysses S. Grant- President involved in many scandals. • Boss Tweed- A political boss who ran Tammany Hall. Very Corrupt! • Rutherford B. Hayes- Corrupt President who won the Presidency through a secret deal. • James Garfield- President assassinated by Charles Guiteau. • Chester A. Arthur- President. **ADD THOMAS NAST- Political cartoonist whose favorite subject was Boss Tweed.**

11. Part 3: Political Changes in the Late 1800s- Questions • Explain the impact of the Boss system on American society. • It led to corruption. • How did Civil Service Reform change the American government? • It eliminated corruption and patronage.

12. Part 4: The Progressive Era- Definitions • Muckraker- someone who exposed the ills of society. • 16th Amendment- Created a graduated income tax. • 17th Amendment- direct election of senators. • 18th Amendment- banned alcohol. • 19th Amendment- gave women the right to vote. • 21st Amendment- made alcohol legal again. • Prohibition/Temperance Movement- The movements to ban alcohol. • Clayton Antitrust Act- Strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act. • Hull House- A settlement house in Chicago created by Jane Addams. • Great Migration- The movement of African Americans from the South to the North for jobs. • Pure Food and Drug Act- created the Food and Drug Administration and regulates food and drugs. • Referendum- When you vote on a law on the ballot. • Recall- removing a public official from office. • Initiative- placing a law on the ballot. • Lost Generation- A group of writers disillusioned by WWI.

13. Part 4: The Progressive Era- People • William McKinley- President who defeated William Jennings Bryan. • William Howard Taft- President who wanted to eliminate all trusts. • Woodrow Wilson- President who wanted to eliminate bad trusts. • Upton Sinclair- Wrote The Jungle. • Ida Tarbell- Wrote A History of Standard Oil. • Robert M. La Follette- He pushed for the 17th Amendment. • Elizabeth Cady Stanton- Women’s suffrage activist. • Susan B. Anthony- Women’s suffrage activist. • Lucy Stone- Women’s suffrage activist. • Alice Paul- Women’s suffrage activist. • Jane Addams- Created Hull House, wanted to help the poor. • W.E.B. Du Bois- Wanted African Americans to fight for their rights, founding member of the NAACP. • Booker T. Washington- Wanted African Americans to get a vocational education, created the Tuskegee Institute. • Marcus Garvey- Promoted the “Back to Africa” movement. • Al Capone- Mob boss from Chicago.

14. Part 4: Progressive Era- Questions • Explain the major political changes that took place during the Progressive Era. • Initiative, referendum, recall, direct primary, 17th Amendment, people were given the ability to participate more in the government. • Explain the major social changes that took place during the Progressive Era. • Pure Food and Drug Act, Meat Inspection Act, women’s right to vote, prohibition. • Explain the impact of the Great Migration on the United States. • It led to a larger population of African Americans in the North and allowed African Americans to get jobs. • Explain some of the anti-trust legislation that took place during this time. • Clayton Antitrust Act strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act. Teddy Roosevelt wanted to get rid of bad trusts, Taft wanted to get rid of all trusts, Wilson wanted to get rid of bad trusts.