Overview

1. The Neurologic ExamAndy Jagoda, MDDepartment of Emergency MedicineMount Sinai School of MedicineNew York, New York

2. Overview • Neuroanatomy • History • Physical • Clinical Scenarios

3. Introduction • Facilitates Communication • Provides Baseline • Directs Testing • Identifies Need For Life-Saving Therapies • Risk Management

4. Risk Management: Case #1 A 46-year-old female with a long history of migraine headaches presented c/o a severe occipital HA that was different form her past headaches in location and intensity. Neuro exam “WNL”. Patient was treated with Compazine, 10 MG IV, with “Resolution of Headache” and discharged home to “Follow-Up With PMD”. 18 hours later, patient was brought in by EMS comatose

5. Risk Management: Case #2 A 64-year-old male presented with lower back pain which had become progressively worse over the past 2 weeks. The pain was primarily in the lower back without radiation, with nonspecific numbness in the legs. PMH: presently being treated for prostatitis. Exam: “Mild Paralumbar Tenderness”, “SLR -”, “Motor / Sensory Intact”, Knee DTR +2. patient was prescribed Motrin and told to follow-up with his PMD. Patient developed irreversible renal damage.

6. Neuroanatomy • Central versus peripheral • symmetrical vs asymmetrical • If central, what is the level: • Cerebrum • Brain Stem • Spinal cord • If peripheral, is it • Nerve • Muscle • NMJ

7. Neuroanatomy

8. Central lesions • Lesions in the cerebral cortex result in contralateral deficits of the face and body • Lesions at the midbrain result in contralateral hemiplegia and ipsilateral peripheral paralysis of III and IV • Lesions at the pons result in contralateral hemiplegia and ipsilateral deficits of V, VI, VII, VIII • Lesions at the medulla result in contraleral hemiplegia and ipsilateral deficits of IX, X, XI, XIII

9. Anatomy of the Spinal Cord • Corticospinal Tracts: motor from cerebral cortex: cross in the lower medulla • Spinothalamic Tracts: pain and temperature: cross 1 or 2 levels above entry • Posterior Column: proprioception and vibration

10. Spinal Cord : Vascular Supply • Single Anterior • Paired posterior from vertebral arteries (Except in cervical cord) • Radicular Arteries from aorta: • Varying degrees of contribution • Great radicular artery of Adamkiewicz T-10 to L-2 (Major source of blood flow to 50% of anterior cord in 50% of patients) • Anterior perfuses anterior and central cord

11. UMN vs LMN • UMN increased DTR (after SS) LMN decreased DTR • UMN muscle tone increased LMN tone decreased, atrophy • UMN no fasciculations LMN fasciculations

12. UMN vs LMN Weakness • Mylopathy = Spinal Cord Process = UMN findings (spasticity, weakness, atrophy, sensory findings, bowel and bladder complaints) • Radiculopathy = Nerve Root Process = LMN findings (Paresthesias, Fasciculations, Weakness, decreased DTR) • Patient may have a radiculopathy with mylopathy below the lesion

13. The Neuro Exam: History • Neuro complaints may be primary or secondary to other system disease • Infection • Overdose • Metabolic Disorder • History often provides the key since the neuro exam may be normal • Subarachnoid Hemorrhage • Carbon Monoxide Poisoning • Subdural Hematoma • Nonconvulsive Seizures

14. The Neuro Exam: History • Time of Onset • Type of Onset • Progression • Trauma • Associated Symptoms • Factors that make it better/worse • Past Symptoms / Events • Past Medical History • Occupational / Environ Exposures

15. The Neuro Exam: Physical • Vital Signs • Head: Evidence of Trauma • Neck: Bruits, Rigidity • Heart: Murmurs • Abdomen: Masses / Distention • Skin / Scalp: Lesions / Tenderness

16. The Neuro Exam: Physical • Mental Status • Cranial Nerves • Motor • Sensory • Coordination • Reflexes

17. The Neuro Exam: Initial Approach • Posture • Decorticate • Decerebrate • Facial or body asymmetry • Hemiparesis results in external rotation of the foot of the affected side

18. Mental Status Exam • AVPU • GCS • Orientation • Speech (dysarthria vs aphasia) • Comprehension • Confusion assessment method (CAM) • Acute onset / fluctuating course • Inattention • Disorganized thinking • Altered level of consciousness • Mini-mental status exam • Score affected by education and age • <20 = cognitive impairment

19. Acute Altered Mental Status • Intracranial lesion • Metabolic disorder • Toxin • Infection • Ictal state • Postictal state • Psychogenic

20. Cranial Nerve Exam • Focus exam on II - VIII • Symmetrical vs asymmetrical

21. Evaluation of II, III, IV, VI • Visual acuity • Visual fields • Examine the cornea, pupil, fundi • Check afferent function • Extraocular movements • Accentuated when looking in the direction of the paralyzed muscle • Differentiation can be facilitated by placing a colored glass over one eye

22. Cranial Nerve II • Visual acuity • Visual fields • Fundoscopy • Swinging flashlight test

23. III Nerve • Emerges from brainstem next to posterior cerebral artery • May be compressed by herniation • Runs in the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus

24. III Cranial Nerve • Parasympathetics • Levator Palpebrae • Inferior Obliques, Medial, Inferior, and Superior Rectus Muscles SR IO IO SR LR MR MR LR IR SO SO IR

25. III Cranial Nerve Paralysis • Ptosis • Dilated Pupil • Paralyzed eye is deviated out and down; SO and LR control eye SR IO IO SR LR MR MR LR IR SO SO IR

26. III Cranial Nerve Lesions • Progressive lesions after passage through the dura usually usually causes a ptosis and pupil dilatation first • Lesions in the nucleus cause motor deficits first • Intact pupil indicates a peripheral ischemic lesion

27. IV Cranial Nerve • Superior oblique • Causes eye to turn in and down • When paralyzed, eye can not turn down when it is rotated in SR IO IO SR LR MR MR LR IR SO SO IR

28. VI Cranial Nerve • Lateral rectus • Long course; goes through the CS, not within the wall • Paralysis impairs abduction SR IO IO SR LR MR MR LR IR SO SO IR

29. Conjugate Gaze • Controlled by supranuclear connections • Medial longitudinal fasciculus is responsible for coordinating the oculomotor nerves; lesions result in impairment of LR and MR moving in sync, ie, contralateral eye does not pass the midline • Multiple sclerosis

30. Causes of III, VI, VI CN Paralysis • Isolated cases usually due to vascular causes: HTN, DM, Atherosclerosis • Tumors • Increased intracranial pressure • Colloid cyst of the III ventricle • Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome • Myasthenia, Botulism • Toxic drug reactions

31. Cranial Nerve V • Sensory: corneal reflexes • Motor: jaw strength and muscle bulk • Corneal reflex may be abnormal in cerebellopontine angle lesions: test in patients with hearing deficits or vertigo

32. Cranial Nerve VII • Motor • Smile • Bury eyelashes • Nasolabial fold • Forehead has bihemispheric innervation centrally • Taste anterior 2/3

33. Cranial Nerves VIII - XII • VIII - vestibular function / hearing • IX - taste / sensation posterior pharynx • X - SCM; chin to the opposite side • XII - tongue

34. Motor Exam • Strength • Primary concern: can patient breathe • Key test: drift of extremity • Tone • Hypertonia: subacute or chronic corticospinal lesion • Hypotonia: LMN lesion or acute UMN • Rigidity: basal ganglia disease • Bulk • Wasting correlates with LMN • Fasciculation • Anterior horn cell lesion • Tenderness • Metabolic / inflammatory muscle disease

35. Motor Exam • 0 = no movement • 1 = flicker but no movement • 2 = movement but can not resist gravity • 3 = movement against gravity but cannot resist examiner • 4 = resists examiner but weak • 5 = normal

36. Sensory Exam • Pain / Temp - cross at entrance, ascend in spinal thalamic tract • Light touch - ascend in posterior column, cross in the brain stem • Vibration - posterior column, cross in the brain stem

37. Sensory Exam • Dermatomal deficit accompanied with pain suggests peripheral lesion • Central deficits are not dermatomal and usually result in loss of sensation not pain • Thalamic pain syndrome

38. Sensory Exam • Distribution • Right vs left vs bilateral • Dermatomal • Distal versus proximal • Stocking glove • Cape like • Pinprick versus light touch

39. Sensory Exam • Double simultaneous testing • Establish sharp / dull • Check cheek, dorsum of hands, dorsum of feet • Test both sides simultaneously with pin • Lateralizes pain, significant sensory deficit • Initially no lateralization but on repeat 15 sec later, lateralization suggests subtle deficit

40. Coordination • Requires integration of cerebellar, motor, and sensory functions • Balance requires (2 of 3) • vision • vestibular sense • proprioception • Falling with eyes open or closed = cerebellar • Falling only with eyes closed = posterior column or vestibular

41. Reflexes • Symmetry / upper vs lower • 0 = absent • 1 = hyporeflexia • 2 = normal • 3 = hyperreflexia • 4 = clonus (usually indicates organic disease) • Superficial reflexes (corneal, pharyngeal, pharyngeal, abdominal, anal, cremasteric, bulbocavernosus) • Pathologic reflexes: babinski

42. Hysteria (conversion vs malingering) • Blindness: opticokinetic test • Hand drop on face test for coma or UE weakness • Hemianesthesia: if real, patient cannot perform finger-to nose with eyes closed; vibration remains intact (if bony skeleton intact) • Weakness: elbow extension or flexor test; wrist extensor test • Unilateral LE weakness: thigh abduction test, hoover test

43. Pitfalls In The Neurologic Exam • Not getting a complete history utilizing family or observers • Not performing a systematic exam • Jumping to conclusions before gathering all the data • Misinterpreting old lesions for new • Misinterpreting limitations from pain as neurologic deficits

44. Pearls • Lesions of the cerebral cortex result in sensory and motor defects confined to the contralateral side of the body • Brain stem and spinal cord lesions result in ipsilateral as well as contralateral defects due to varying patterns of crossover • Unilateral pain syndromes without motor deficits suggest possible thalamic pathology • A careful exam of CN II, III, IV, and IV is indicated in patients with headache or suspected processes that cause increased ICP • Testing for pronator drift is the best screen for muscle weakness of central origin

45. The Neurologic Exam Case Scenarios

46. Case Scenario #1 A 46-year-old female with a long history of migraine headaches presented c/o a severe occipital HA that was different from her past headaches in location and intensity. If an aneurysm is suspected to be causing the patient’s symptoms, which cranial nerve should your exam focus on? A. III B. VI C. VII D. IV

47. III NERVE • Emerges from brainstem next to posterior cerebral artery • Runs in the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus • May be compressed: • Herniation • Aneurysm • Posterior communicating artery • ICA in the cavernous sinus (IV, V and VI nerves also involved)

48. Case Scenario #2 A 64-year-old male presented C/0 low back pain which has become progressively worse over the past 2 weeks. The pain was primarily in the low back without radiation; C/O nonspecific numbness in the legs. Which nerve root is responsible for plantar flexion and the ankle jerk? A. L3 B. L4 C. L5 D. S1 E. S2

49. Lower Extremity Innervation • L 3 / L 4 = Patellar reflex • L 5 = Big toe extension • S 1 = Achilles reflex

50. Case Scenario #3 A 30-year-old female is in an MVA hitting her head on the dash. The next day she developed a sudden onset severe right frontal HA, that persisted. One day later she developed left sided arm weakness that lasted 2 hours. In the ED she had an OD ptosis and OD miosis. Her motor / sensory exam was “WNL”. What is your initial impression? A. Hysteria B. Subarachnoid bleed C. Epidural hematoma D. Carotid artery dissection E. Entrapment syndrome