Bala Iyer Raman Research Institute, Bangalore Chair, IndIGO Consortium Council

1. IndIGOIndian Initiative in Gravitational-wave ObservationsApplication for GWIC Membership BalaIyer Raman Research Institute, Bangalore Chair, IndIGO Consortium Council GWIC Meeting, Cardiff, 10 July 2011

2. GW Research in India (Pre IndIGO:1990 -2009) • Regular International Collaboration with GW groups in Australia, France, Germany, UK, Japan since 1990 • September 1990:InterferometricGravity wave Detector: Phase I: Developmental work and Experiments, A proposal by IUCAA, Pune [S.V. Dhurandhar, N.K. Dadhich, J.V. Narlikar, S.N. Tandon] and CAT, Indore [P.K. Gupta, A.S. Raja Rao, D.D. Bhawalkar] 1.25 cr, Staffing 21Phase II: 100 m Detector : 13 crores, Staffing 51 • December 1995:Design of the Vacuum system for AIGO 500 ( CAT/95-16, Indore) [A.S. Raja Rao] • International GW Collaborative Projects • 1991, 1993, 1994, 1995IUCAA-  UWA Informal Collaboration [SanjeevDhurandhar (IUCAA) and David Blair (UWA) and David McClelland (ANU)] • 1995 -1998 Indo-French Project: 1010-1 Modellingof non-linear effects in high power optical cavities of laser interferometric gravitational wave detectors [S.V. Dhurandhar (IUCAA) and Jean-Yves Vinet (Laboratoire de l'Accelerateur, Orsay] • 2000 – 2004Indo-French Project: 2204-1 Gravitational wave data analysis for laser interferometer space antenna[S.V. Dhurandhar (IUCAA) and Jean-Yves Vinet (Observatoire de la Cote d'Azur, Nice)] • 2003 – 2007Indo-French Project: 2904-1 Gravitational Waves from Neutron Star Binaries, [BalaIyer (RRI) and Luc Blanchet (IAP)  ] • 2006 - 2009 Indo-French Project: 3504-1 - Physical and mathematical modeling of LISA mission [S.V. Dhurandhar (IUCAA) and Bertrand Chauvineau (Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, Nice)] • 2006 - 2009 Indo-French Project: 3504-3 - Systematic effects in CMB of ESA’s Satellite “PLANCK”[TarunSouradeep (IUCAA) and François R. Bouchet (Institutd’Astrophysique de Paris)] • 2010 - 2013  Indo-French Project: 4204-2 High accuracy gravitational waves from black hole binaries [BalaIyer (RRI) with  Luc Blanchet (IAP), Guillaume Faye (IAP) ] • 2006 - 2011 DST-JSPS Indo-Japanese CollaborationCoincident vs Coherent multi-detector strategies for inspirallingbinaries [SanjeevDhurandhar (IUCAA), Nobuyuki Kanda (Osaka University)  and  Hideyuki Tagoshi, (Osaka University)]

3. Gravitational wave legacy in India • Indian contribution over two decades to the global effort for detecting GW internationally recognized on two significant fronts • Seminal contributions to source modeling at RRI [BalaIyer] and to GW data analysis at IUCAA [SanjeevDhurandhar] • RRI: Indo-French collaboration for two decades to compute high accuracy waveforms for in-spiraling compact binaries from which the GW templates used in LIGO and Virgo are constructed. Cardiff collaboration on improved detection templates, parameter estimation, implications for Astrophyscs and cosmology • IUCAA: Designing efficient data analysis algorithms involving advanced mathematical concepts.. Notable contributions include the search for binary in-spirals, hierarchical methods, coherent search with a network of detectors and the radiometric search for stochastic gravitational waves. • IUCAA: Tarun Souradeep with expertise in CMB data & Planck creates bridge between CMB and GW data analysis challenges : stochastic GW background maps • IUCAA has collaborated with most international GW detector groups and has been a member of the LIGO Scientific Collaboration (LSC) for a decade.

4. LSC Collaboration from India • Aug 2000 - 2010 MOU between IUCAA (SanjeevDhurandhar)  and LIGO (LSC) • Projects carried out under LIGO Scientific Collaboration (LSC) - Hierarchical GW Search for inspiralling compact binaries as part of inspiral group of LSC with AnandSenguptaand the inspiral group -Radiometric search for GW stochastic background as part of stochastic group of LSC withSanjitMitra, TarunSouradeep, IUCAA - Radiometric search for Pulsars as part of continuous wave group of LSC with HimanMukhopadhyay, Badri Krishnan, AEI and John Whelan, AEI -All sky and all frequency search with Badri Krishnan, AEI • The most recent work in progress is on the fast transform for continuous sources which is based on group theoretic methods.

5. High precision experimental expertise in India • TIFR [C.S. Unnikrishnan] : High precision experiments and tests of weak forces • Test gravitation using most sensitive torsional balances and optical sensors. • Techniques related to precision laser spectroscopy, electronic locking, stabilization. • G.Rajalakshmi (IIA  TIFR, 3m prototype); • Suresh Doravari (IIA  LIGO, Caltech expt./AdvLIGO) • IITM [Anil Prabhakar] and IITK [Pradeep Kumar] (EE depts) • Photonics, Fiber optics and communications • Characterization and testing of optical components and instruments for use in India.. • RRCAT • [S.K. Shukla on INDUS, A.S. Raja Rao (exRRCAT)] --UHV • [Sendhil Raja, P.K. Gupta] - Optical system design, laser based instrumentation, optical metrology, Large aperture optics, diffractive optics, micro-optic system design. • [RijuparnaChakraborty, France  LIGO/EGO pdf?]Adaptive Optics….

6. Large experiment expertise in India • RRCAT…. • IPR[S.B. Bhatt on Aditya and Ajai Kumar] - UHV experience, Lasers… Support role in large volume UHV system, Control systems,…. • Groups at BARC and RRCAT : involved in LHC • providing a variety of components and subsystems like precision magnet positioning stand jacks, superconducting correcting magnets, quench heater protection supplies and skilled manpower support for magnetic tests and measurement and help in commissioning LHC subsystems. • Teams at Electronics & Instrumentation Groups at BARC (may be interested in large instrumentation projects in XII plan) • Groups at ISRO,…….

7. IndIGO Consortium – Milestones • Late 2007 : ICGC2007 @IUCAA: RanaAdhikari’s visit & discussions • 2009: • Australia-India S&T collaboration Establishing Australia-India collaboration in GW Astronomy • IndIGO Consortium: Reunion meeting IUCAA • GW Astronomy Roadmap for India; • 2009-2011: • Meetings at Kochi, Pune, Shanghai, Perth, Delhi to Define, Reorient and Respond to the Global (GWIC) strategies for setting up the International GW Network. • Bring together scattered Indian Experimental Expertise; Individuals & Institutions • March 2011: IndIGO-I Proposal: Participation in LIGO-Australia • May 2011+: LIGO-India..

8. Multi-Institutional, Multi-disciplinary Consortium (2009) Nodal Institutions • CMI, Chennai • Delhi University • IISER Kolkata • IISER Trivandrum • IIT Madras (EE) • IIT Kanpur (EE) • IUCAA, Pune • RRCAT, Indore • TIFR, Mumbai • IPR, Bhatt • Others • RRI • JamiaMiliaIslamia • TezpurUniv

9. The IndIGO Consortium IndIGO Council Bala Iyer ( Chair) RRI, Bangalore Sanjeev Dhurandhar (Science) IUCAA, Pune C. S. Unnikrishnan (Experiment) TIFR, Mumbai Tarun Souradeep (Spokesperson) IUCAA, Pune Data Analysis & Theory Sanjeev Dhurandhar IUCAA Bala Iyer RRI Tarun Souradeep IUCAA Anand Sengupta Delhi University Archana Pai IISER, Thiruvananthapuram Sanjit Mitra JPL , IUCAA K G Arun Chennai Math. Inst., Chennai Rajesh Nayak IISER, Kolkata A. Gopakumar TIFR, Mumbai T R Seshadri Delhi University Patrick Dasgupta Delhi University Sanjay Jhingan Jamila Milia Islamia, Delhi L. Sriramkumar, Phys., IIT M Bhim P. Sarma Tezpur Univ . Sanjay Sahay BITS, Goa P Ajith Caltech , USA Sukanta Bose, Wash. U., USA B. S. Sathyaprakash Cardiff University, UK Soumya Mohanty UTB, Brownsville , USA Badri Krishnan Max Planck AEI, Germany Instrumentation & Experiment C. S. Unnikrishnan TIFR, Mumbai G Rajalakshmi TIFR, Mumbai P.K. Gupta RRCAT, Indore Sendhil Raja RRCAT, Indore S.K. Shukla RRCAT, Indore Raja Rao ex RRCAT, Consultant Anil Prabhakar, EE, IIT M Pradeep Kumar, EE, IIT K Ajai Kumar IPR, Bhatt S.K. Bhatt IPR, Bhatt Ranjan Gupta IUCAA, Pune Bhal Chandra Joshi NCRA, Pune Rijuparna Chakraborty, Cote d’Azur, Grasse Rana Adhikari Caltech, USA Suresh Doravari Caltech, USA Biplab Bhawal (ex LIGO)

10. IndIGO Advisory Structure Committees: National Steering Committee: KailashRustagi (IIT, Mumbai) [Chair]BalaIyer (RRI) [Coordinator]SanjeevDhurandhar (IUCAA) [Co-Coordinator]D.D. Bhawalkar (Quantalase, Indore)[Advisor] P.K. Kaw (IPR) AjitKembhavi (IUCAA) P.D. Gupta (RRCAT)J.V. Narlikar (IUCAA)G. Srinivasan International Advisory Committee AbhayAshtekar (Penn SU)[ Chair] RanaAdhikari (LIGO, Caltech, USA) David Blair (AIGO, UWA, Australia)AdalbertoGiazotto (Virgo, Italy)P.D. Gupta (Director, RRCAT, India)James Hough (GEO ; Glasgow, UK)[GWIC Chair]Kazuaki Kuroda (LCGT, Japan)HaraldLueck (GEO, Germany)Nary Man (Virgo, France)Jay Marx (LIGO, Director, USA)David McClelland (AIGO, ANU, Australia)Jesper Munch (Chair, ACIGA, Australia)B.S. Sathyaprakash (GEO, Cardiff Univ, UK)Bernard F. Schutz (GEO, Director AEI, Germany)Jean-Yves Vinet (Virgo, France)Stan Whitcomb (LIGO, Caltech, USA) Program Management Committee: C S Unnikrishnan (TIFR, Mumbai), [Chair] Bala R Iyer (RRI, Bangalore), [Coordinator] SanjeevDhurandhar (IUCAA, Pune) [Co-cordinator] TarunSouradeep (IUCAA, Pune) Bhal Chandra Joshi (NCRA, Pune) P Sreekumar (ISAC, Bangalore) P K Gupta (RRCAT, Indore) S K Shukla (RRCAT, Indore) Sendhil Raja (RRCAT, Indore)]

11. IndIGO: The goals • Provide a common umbrella to initiate and expand GW related experimental activity and train new technically skilled manpower • Seek pan-Indian consolidated IndIGO membership in LIGO Scientific Collaboration (LSC) for participation in Advanced LIGO. • Create a Tier-2 data centre in IUCAA for LIGO Scientific Collaboration Deliverables and as a LSC Resource • Start collaborative work on joint projects under the IUSSTF Indo-US IUCAA-Caltech joint Centre at IUCAA • Explore the Roadmap for EGO-IndIGO collaboration on GW and a possible MOU (Meeting on Nov 1-2 ,2011 at IUCAA) • Explore Indian participation in LISA and space based GW detectors in the future ( ASTROD 5 meeting on July 14 – 16, 2012 at RRI)

12. IndIGO: The Aspirations • Set up a major experimental initiative in GW astronomy • MOU with ACIGA to collaborate on GW Astronomy • Plan A: Partner in LIGO-Australia • Advanced LIGO hardware for 1 detector to be shipped to Australia at the Gingin site, near Perth. NSF approval • Australia and International partners find funds (equiv to half the detector cost ~$140M and 10 year running cost ~$60M) within a year. • Indian partnership at 15% of Australian cost with full data rights. • Plan B: LIGO-India • Letter from LIGO Labs with offer of LIGO-India and Requirement Document • Advanced LIGO hardware for 1 detector to be shipped to India. • Detector: Two 4km arm length ultra high vacuum tubes in L configuration • India provides suitable site and infrastructure to house the GW observatory, Staffing for installing, commissioning and operation and 10 year Running costs • Indian cost (equiv to half the detector cost ~$140M and 10 year running cost ~$60M) within a year.

13. LIGO-India:Why is it a good idea? • Geographical relocation Strategic for GW astronomy • Increased event rates (x4) by coherent analysis • Improved duty cycle • Improved Detection confidence • Improved Sky Coverage • Improved Source Location required for multi-messenger astronomy • Improved Determination of the two GW polarizations • Potentially large Indian science user community in the future • Indian demographics: youth dominated – need challenges • Improved UG education system will produce a larger number of students with aspirations looking for frontline research opportunity at home. • Substantial data analysis trained faculty exists in India and Large Data Analysis Center Facilities are being planned

14. LIGO-India: Indian Requirements & Status • Indian contribution in infrastructure : • Site • Vacuum system • Related Controls • Data centre • Trained manpower for installation and commissioning • Trained manpower for LIGO-India operations for 10 years • IndIGO Consortium working towards getting LIGO-India identified as a National Flagship Mega Project in the coming Five year plan in India and ensuring requirements from the LIGO-Lab are met in time to seek the required NSF and US govt approvals.

15. Indian Gravitational wave community strengths • Very good students and post-docs produced who have become.. * Leaders in GW research abroad [Sathyaprakash, Bose, Mohanty] (3) *New faculty at premier institutions in India (6) [Gopakumar, ArchanaPai, Rajesh Nayak, AnandSengupta, K.G. Arun, SanjitMitra, P. Ajith?] • Strong Indian presence in GW Astronomy in the Global detector network where broad international collaboration is the norm  relatively easy to get well trained researchers back • Close interactions with the very supportiveInternational community as reflected in the International Advisory committee of IndIGO– Chair: AbhayAshtekar • LIGO-Lab participation in IndIGO schools, commitment to training and assisting in high end technology tasks related to GW experiments should LIGO-India come about.

16. Manpower generation for sustenance of LIGO-India : Preliminary Plans & exploration • Since Advanced LIGO will have a lead time, participants will be identified who will be deputed to take part in the commissioning of Advanced LIGO and later bring in the experience to LIGO-India. They will start building groups with associated training program. • Successful IndIGO Summer internships in International labs underway • High UG applications 30/40 each year from IIT, IISER, NISERS,.. • 2 summers, 10 students, 1 starting PhD at LIGO-MIT • Plan to extend to participating National labs to generate more experimenters • IndIGO schools are planned annually to expose students to emerging opportunity in GW science • 1st IndIGO school in Dec 2010 in Delhi Univ. (thru IUCAA) • Post graduate school specialization courses , or more • Jayant Narlikar: “Since sophisticated technology is involved IndIGO should like ISRO or BARC training school set up a program where after successful completion of the training, jobs are assured.”

17. IndIGO 3m Prototype Detector Funded by TIFR Mumbai on campus (2010)PI: C. S.Unnikrishnan (Cost ~ INR 2.5cr) • Goals of the TIFR 3-m prototype interferometer (to be operational in 2014): • Research and Training platform with all the features of the advanced LIGO-like detectors, scaled down to displacement sensitivity around 10-18 m, above 200 Hz. • The Indian research platform for features like signal recycling, DC read-out, and most importantly the use of squeezed light and noise reduction (last phase). • Instrument for studies on short range gravity and QED force, especially a measurement of the Casimir force in the range 10 -100 microns where no previous measurements exist (Rajalakshmi and Unnikrishnan, Class, Quant. Grav. 27, 215007 (2010).

18. The TIFR 3-m prototype detector 6 m 6 m 15 cm dia. mirrors (3 kg), 1 W NPRO laser, 2 stage passive pre-isolation, 10-9 mbar UHV

19. Old LIGO Seismic (best and worst case, dashed) Signal recycling + Squeezing Sketch of expected sensitivity for 3-m prototype 10-14 10-15 Best case total 10-16 10-17 SQL suspension noise 10-18 10-19 Shot noise 10-20 1 100 1000 10000 10 Frequency (Hz)

20. Recent and Ongoing IndIGO Projects, Plans.. • 2009 – 2011: Indo-Australian project:  DST/INT/AUS/P-26/08 Establishing Australian-Indian collaboration on gravitational wave astronomy,  [BalaIyer (RRI), SanjeevDhurandhar (IUCAA), C.S. Unnikrishnan (TIFR), David Blair (UWA), Ju Li (UWA), Chunnong Zhao (UWA)] • 2011 - DST-JSPS S&T scheme approved Coherent multi-detector gravitational wave search using LCGT and advanced interferometers[ArchanaPai (IISER-TVM, PI ), Co-PI:  Anand S. Sengupta (Delhi University), K. G. Arun (CMI),  M.K. Haris(IISER,-TVM) , SanjeevDhurandhar (IUCAA). Hideyuki Tagoshi (Osaka University, PI) , N. Kanda (Osaka City University), H. Takanishi (Yamanashi Eiwa College),  M. K. Fujimoto (National Astronomical Observatory of Japan)] . • 2011 -IUSSTF Proposal approvedIndo-US  Center  for  GW Physics and Astronomy [Nodal Center: IUCAA  India: TarunSouradeep (IUCAA), K.G. Arun (CMI), SanjeevDhurandhar (IUCAA),  A.   Gopakumar (TIFR),  ArchanaPai (IISER-TVM), AnandSengupta (Delhi Univ), C.S.   Unnikrishnan (TIFR)USA: RanaAdhikari (Caltech), P. Ajith (Caltech), Sukanta Bose (Washington Univ),   Yanbei Chen (Caltech), SanjitMitra (JPL), Stanley Whitcomb (Caltech)] • Meeting on Nov 1-2 ,2011 at IUCAA to explore the Roadmap for EGO-IndIGO collaboration on GW and a possible MOU

21. Indo-US centre for Gravitational Physics and Astronomy @ IUCAA APPROVED for funding (Dec 2010) • Centre of Indo-US Science and Technology Forum (IUSSTF) • Exchange program to fund mutual visits and • facilitate interaction. • Nodal centres: IUCAA , India & Caltech, US. • Institutions: • Indian: IUCAA, TIFR, IISER, DU, CMI - PI: Tarun Souradeep • US: Caltech, WSU - PI: Rana Adhikari

22. Participation in LSC during Advanced LIGOProposed Data Analysis activities of the IndIGO Consortium • Principal Leads: K.G. Arun, R.Nayak, A. Pai, A. Sengupta, S. Mitra • Participants: S. Dhurandhar, T.Souradeep, B. R. Iyer, C.K. Mishra, • M.K. Harris,…. • Institutions: CMI, IUCAA, IISER (Kolkata), IISER (Tvm), Univ of Delhi • Projects • Multi-detector Coherent veto • Tests of GR and alternative theories of gravity • Stochastic Gravitational wave background analysis • IndIGO Data Center

23. IndIGO Data Centre @ IUCAA Anand Sengupta, DU, IndIGO • Primary Science: Online Coherent search for GW signal from binary mergers using data from global detector network Coherent  4 x event rate (40  160 /yr for NS-NS) • Role of IndIGO data centre • Large Tier-2 data/compute centre for archival of GWdata and analysis • Bring together data-analysts within the Indian gravity wave community. • Puts IndIGO on the global map for international collaboration with LIGO Science Collab. wide facility. Part of LSC participation from IndIGO • Large University sector participation via IUCAA • 200 Tflops peak capability (by 2014) • Storage: 4x100TB per year per interferometer. • Network: gigabit+ backbone, National Knowledge Network • Gigabit dedicatedlink to LIGO lab Caltech • 20 Tf 200 Tb funded IUCAA : ready Mid 2012

24. RRCAT (Next Plan period): Advanced Interferometry(Narrow line width Frequency Stabilised laser development) The laser will be an injection seeded Nd;YAG or Yb:Silica fiber laser locked to a stabilized reference cavity. The target would be to demonstrate a laser with 1W output and sub-kHz line width and few Hz stability. Scaling up of the power to 10W will be done as the next step.

25. RRCAT: Advanced Interferometry(Ultraflat Components development) Development of Ultraflat Optical components such as mirrors for GWD will require augmenting the existing facility with an ion beam figuring system for final correction of the polished optics to /500 or better.

26. Photonics @ IIT-Madras • 11 faculty members (8 in EE, 3 in Physics) • 10 M. Tech scholars in EE (Photonics) • 20+ research scholars (M.S. and Ph.D.) • Research specializations • Optical communications • Fiber lasers • Diffractive optical elements • Silicon photonics, plasmonics • Nonlinear and quantum optics • Metrology and instrumentation • Strong industry partnerships

27. Possible IndIGO Contributions to 3G Detectors (ET) • Development of the lasers systems, investigate emerging laser technologies such as fiber lasers for developing a suitable laser for 3rd generation detector. • Develop squeezed light sources suitable for use in GWD. • Design and development of diffractive optical components for generating higher order Laguerre-Gauss mode laser beams. • Investigate instabilities due to quantum back action on cavity mirrors. • Development of high flatness fused silica/silicon optics and develop fabrication and metrology techniques.

28. Possible IndIGO Contributions to 3G Detectors (ET) • Design and development of high power optical coating for the detector optics. • Develop techniques for absorption measurement of high purity Si as a possible optical substrate at 1.5 micron laser wavelength. • Develop high accuracy wavefront sensing and laser scanning based thermal compensation of cavity mirrors. • Investigate possible techniques to cool the detector mirrors in a non contact way (laser cooling of Yb doped glasses have been demonstrated)

29. Summary • Over two decades India has been involved in quality GW research and been a part of the International GW community • Since 2009 Indian aspirations involve participation in a major GW experiment eventually leading to a GW detector in India • The Indian Aspirations in GW research are represented by the IndIGOConsortium • With help from the International GW community IndIGO has made significant progress to integrate to the GWIC plans towards the setting up of a GW detector network • IndIGO has concrete plans as outlined in the presentation to increase participation in GW research in the coming years. • By becoming a member of GWIC, IndIGO can contribute more effectively in the future towards the GWIC agenda to detect GW leading on to Gravitational wave Astronomy..

30. THANK YOU

31. LIGO-India: … the challenges Indian Site • Requirements: • Low seismicity • Low human generated noise • Air connectivity • Proximity to Academic institutions, labs, industry preferred, … • Preliminary exploration: • IISc new campus & adjoining campuses near Chitra Durga • low seismicity • Solid rock base • 1hr from International airport • Bangalore: science & tech hub • National science facilities complex plans  power and other infrastructure availability, ….

32. Courtesy: Steven Fairhurst

33. Courtesy: S. Klimenko and G. Vedovato LIGO-India: … the opportunity Strategic Geographical relocation Polarization info Uniformity of Sky coverage

34. Courtesy: S. Klimenko and G. Vedovato LIGO-India: … the opportunity Strategic Geographical relocation Source localization error 5-15 degrees to ~degree !!!

35. LIGO-India: … the opportunity Strategic Geographical relocation - the science gain Sky coverage : Synthesized Network beam (antenna power) Courtesy: Bernard Schutz

36. LIGO-India: … the opportunity Strategic Geographical relocation - the science gain Sky coverage: ‘reach’ /sensitivity in different directions Courtesy: Bernard Schutz

37. Strategic geographical relocation comparison Courtesy Bernard Schutz

38. IndIGO: Activity details • December 2007: ICGC , IUCAA,  IndIGO coined by AnandSengupta; HF Indian detector using Initial LIGO hardware (RanaAdhikari) • January  2009:Kochi meeting; Avenues  for  possible  Indo-Australian collaboration were discussedwith David Blair • Jan – June 2009 : Contacting first possible experimenters for the project • June 2009: • Sanction of DST Project DST/INT/AUS/P-26/2009 on Establishing Australian -Indian collaboration in Gravitational wave Astronomy • August  2009:Indian experimental gravitational wave effort: Scope and Feasibility, IUCAA, Pune. Panel Discussion at IUCAA Reunion.. • Need of setting up a body to steer activities the complex and manifold activities linked  to GW astronomy was realized and the IndIGO Consortium was set up  with SanjeevDhurandhar as Spokesperson. • Visits to ISRO facilities at LEOS and SAC to learn of available facilities & expertise • October 2009:First Galileo-XuGuangqi Meeting, Shanghai, China Contact with senior members of LIGO, Virgo,  GEO, LCGT and ACIGA  for  detailed discussions and  a critical review of the   possible  road-map for a realistic  Indian Initiative in  GW Astronomy. • IndIGOInternational Advisory Committeeset up • IndIGO  Council was set up

39. IndIGO: Activity details • December 2009:Document IndIGO:  An Indian Initiative in Gravitational Wave Astronomy prepared and mailed to Directors of Institutions with possible interest in GW Astronomy &leaders of the Indian Science community. • February 2010: - Visit to Hind High Vacuum to discuss possibility to take up ultra-high vacuum responsibility in AIGO - 3 day Conference on Australian International Gravitational Observatory: Project Plan and benefits, and  3 day Workshop at Perth, Australia on Experimental General Relativity and Visit to Gingin prototype, Australia. Many meetings with colleagues in   ACIGA (Robyn Owens, David Blair,  Jesper Munch, David McClelland, Jackie Davidson) and LIGO ( Jay Marx, Stan Whitcomb) to discuss the strategy of collaboration and  thetimescales involved due to the possibility of LIGO-Australia. • Nine Institutions in India have currently agreed to sign an MOU with ACIGA and be part of a proposal to seek funding to participate in LIGO-Australia. • June 2010: Gravitational Wave International Committee (GWIC) Letter of Support for IndIGO • July 2010:IndIGOdocument  sent to Dr. R. Chidambaram, Principal Science Advisor, Govt of India. PSA sent to honorary consultant   Dr. D.D.  Bhawalkar.

40. IndIGO: Activity details • Summer 2010: 2 UG students (Nancy Agarwal [IIT - Mumbai] and Sharmila Devi [NISER])  selected as  Visiting students at Caltech and  4UG students  (SibasishBanerjee  [IISER Kolkata] , DibyaChakraborti  [IISER Kolkata],  AvaneetAntal [ IIT Guwahati]AmitNag [IISER Kolkata]) at Univ Texas, Brownesville. ParampreetWalia, PushkarKopparla, AbhishekSharan, JaspreetSandhu from IIT Delhi interned at University of Western Australia and Gingin. • August 2010: IndIGO homepage set uphttp://gw-indigo.org/ • September 2010: - A 3 metre advanced prototype GW detector funded  at TIFR under  C.S. Unnikrishnan.        - MOU signed  with ACIGA on behalf of the Directors of seven Nodal Indian Institutions. -Positive feedback and suggestions obtained from Office of Principal Science Advisor based on Dr Bhawalkar’s report encouraging to seek funding of the order of 20M $. • October  2010:Suresh Doravari joined LIGO Caltech as Post-doc fellow on the 40m • December 2010:First IndIGO School on Gravitational Wave Astronomy 2010 (ISGWA-2010) organized by IUCAA Resource Center,  University of Delhi, for UG and graduate students. -Approval of Indo-US (IUSSTF) proposal for  joint Indo-US  Center  for  GW Physics and Astronomy • January-February  2011 :Setting up of IndIGO National Steering Commiteeand IndIGO Program Management Committee.

41. IndIGO: Activity details • February 2011: The  Indian Road-Map for Gravitational Wave Astronom: IndIGO - ACIGA meeting on LIGO-Australia. 3 day Meeting in Delhi of members of IndIGO, ACIGA and LIGO - ArchanaPai awarded Max Planck India Partner Group • March  2011 : Proposal Outline to seek Funds for IndIGO participation in LIGO-Australia submitted to DAE and DST - SURF student Nancy Agarwal to join MIT with NergisMavalvala for Ph.D - Approval of Indo-Japanese Joint proposal under DST-JSPS S&T : Coherent multi-detector gravitational wave search using LCGT and advanced interferometers. • April  2011: Anil Prabhakar ( IIT Chennai) and Pradeep Kumar (IIT Kanpur) join in IndIGO experimental    activities including 3m prototype - SanjitMitra to join IUCAA as Faculty • May 2011: Visits to IPR to explore IPR participation in IndIGO - AbhayAshtekar Joins  IndIGO International Advisory Committee as Chair -Prof. P.K. Kaw (Director IPR) and Prof. AjitKembhavi (Director IUCAA) join IndIGO National Steering Committee -IIT Madras joins IndIGOConsortium May 2011 - : LIGO-India concept proposal explored June 2011………

42. Dear Prof. Kasturirangan, 1 June 2011 In its road-map with a thirty year horizon, the Gravitational Wave International Committee (a working unit of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics, IUPAP) has identified the expansion of the global network of gravitational wave interferometer observatories as a high priority for maximizing the scientific potential of gravitational wave observations. We are writing to you to put forward a concept proposal on behalf of LIGO Laboratory (USA) and the IndIGO Consortium, for a Joint Partnership venture to set up an Advanced gravitational wave detector at a suitable Indian site. In what follows this project is referred to as LIGO-India. The key idea is to utilize the high technology instrument components already fabricated for one of the three Advanced LIGO interferometers in an infrastructure provided by India that matches that of the US Advanced LIGO observatories. LIGO-India LIGO-India could be operational early in the lifetime of the advanced versions of gravitational wave observatories now being installed the US (LIGO) and in Europe (Virgo and GEO) and would be of great value not only to the gravitational wave community, but to broader physics and astronomy research by launching an era of gravitational wave astronomy, including, the fundamental first direct detection of gravitational waves. As the southernmost member observatory of the global array of gravitational wave detectors, India would be unique among nations leading the scientific exploration of this new window on the universe. The present proposal promises to achieve this at a fraction of the total cost of independently establishing a fully-equipped and advanced observatory. It also offers technology that was developed over two decades of highly challenging global R&D effort that preceded the success of Initial LIGO gravitational wave detectors and the design of their advanced version.

43. LIGO-India:Why is it a good idea?for IndIGO • Has a 20 year legacy and wide recognition in the Intl. GW community with seminal contributions to Source modeling (RRI)& Data Analysis (IUCAA). High precision measurements (TIFR), Participation in LHC (RRCAT) • (Would not make it to the GWIC report, otherwise!) • AIGO/LIGO/EGO strong interest in fostering Indian community • GWIC invitation to IndIGO join as member (July 2011) • Provides an exciting challenge at an International forefront of experimental science. Can tap and siphon back the extremely good UG students trained in India. (Sole cause of `brain drain’). • 1st yr summer intern 2010  MIT for PhD • Indian experimental scientist  Postdoc at LIGO training for Adv. LIGO subsystem • Indian experimental expertise related to GW observatories will thrive and attain high levels due to LIGO-India. • Sendhil Raja, RRCAT, Anil Prabhakar, EE, IIT Madras, Pradeep Kumar, EE, IITK Photonics • Vacuum expertise with RRCAT (S.K. Shukla, A.S. Raja Rao) , IPR (S.K. Bhatt, Ajai Kumar) • Jump start direct participation in GW observations/astronomy • going beyond analysis methodology & theoretical prediction --- to full fledged participation in experiment, data acquisition, analysis and astronomy results. • For once, may be perfect time to a launch into a promising field (GW astronomy) with high end technological spinoffs well before it has obviously blossomed. Once in a generation opportunity to host an Unique International Experiment here.

44. Gravitational Wave Detectors (Interferometric)(IndIGO Technology Development Strategy) • Scenario 1:LIGO-Australia gets funded • IndIGO participates with a contribution in kind and manpower to an extent of 15% of the total project cost. • IndIGO consortium members have expertise in development of lasers, optics and instruments for various application. • The experience gained in the installation and commissioning of the interferometer is used to fine tune the R&D activity to develop the laser and optics technology required for these detectors. • IndIGO then applies for funding to build a 2nd generation detector at a suitable site in India and during the science runs of the 2nd generation detector continues the R&D activity in lasers, optics and related technology for a 3rd generation detector. • The site and instrument design for the 2nd generation is suitably chosen so that it can be upgrade to the 3rd generation detector at the same site and with the same civil infrastructure.

45. (IndIGO Technology Development Strategy..) • Scenario 2:LIGO-India gets funded • IndIGO installs and commissions the Advanced-LIGO with the lasers and optics supplied by LIGO. • IndIGO contributes as a 50:50 partner of project cost in terms of the site, civil structures and the vacuum system. • The experience gained in the installation and commissioning of the LIGO-India interferometer is used to fine tune the R&D activity towards developing the laser and optics technology required for a 3rd generation detector. • IndIGO develops a laser system and a set of optics (indigenously) matching the specs of the laser and optics in Advanced-LIGO to serve as standby (spares) for LIGO-India. • IndIGO then applies for funding to develop the sub-systems for a 3rd generation detector and during the science runs of the 2nd generation detector continues the R&D activity in lasers, optics and participates in international efforts on building the sub-systems for a 3rd generation detector. • The site and instrument design for the LIGO-India is suitably chosen so that after the science runs are over technology upgrades can be tested in the same civil infrastructure towards realizing the technology for the 3rd generation detector. • IndIGO applies for funding to either develop a 3rd generation detector or participate in an international 3rd generation detector.

46. Possible IndIGO Contributions to ET (3rd G Detector) • Contribute towards development of the lasers systems, investigate emerging laser technologies such as fiber lasers for developing a suitable laser for 3rd generation detector. • Develop squeezed light sources suitable for use in GWD. • Design and development of diffractive optical components for generating higher order Laguerre-Gauss mode laser beams. • Investigate instabilities due to quantum back action on cavity mirrors. • Development of high flatness fused silica/silicon optics and develop fabrication and metrology techniques. • Design and development of high power optical coating for the detector optics. • Develop techniques for absorption measurement of high purity Si as a possible optical substrate at 1.5 micron laser wavelength. • Develop high accuracy wavefront sensing and laser scanning based thermal compensation of cavity mirrors. • Investigate possible techniques to cool the detector mirrors in a non contact way (laser cooling of Yb doped glasses have been demonstrated)