The European Migration and Asylum Policy

1. The European Migration and Asylum Policy IdilAtak mars 2009

2. Tension btw human rights and security

3. Human rights Two legal orders: The Council of Europe The European Union

4. The Council of Europe

5. Council of Europe Albanie (13.07.1995) Allemagne (13.7.1950)Andorre(10.11.1994) Arménie (25.1.2001)Autriche (16.04.1956)Azerbaïdjan(25.1.2001)Belgique(5.5.1949) Bosnie-Herzégovine (24.04.2002)Bulgarie(7.5.1992)Chypre (24.5.1961)Croatie(6.11.1996)Danemark(5.5.1949)Espagne(24.11.1977)Estonie(14.5.1993) Finlande(5.5.1989)France(5.5.1949)Georgie(27.4.1999)Grèce(9.8.1949)Hongrie(6.11.1990) Irlande(5.5.1949) Islande(7.3.1950) Italie (5.5.1949) Lettonie(10.2.1995) Macédoine'' (9.11.1995) Liechtenstein(23.11.1978)Lituanie(14.5.1993)Luxembourg(5.5.1949) Malte(29.4.1965)Moldova(13.7.1995) Monaco (5.10.2004)Monténégro (3.4.2003) Norvège(5.5.1949) Pays-Bas (5.5.1949)Pologne(26.11.1991)Portugal(22.9.1976) République tchèque (30.6.1993)Roumanie (7.10.1993) Royaume Uni (5.5.1949) Fédération de Russie (28.2.1996)Saint Marin (16.11.1988) Serbie(3.4.2003)Slovaquie(30.6.1993)Slovénie (14.5.1993)Suède (5.5.1949)Suisse(6.5.1963)Turquie(9.8.1949)Ukraine(9.11.1995)

7. The European Court of Human Rights - Strasbourg

8. The European Convention on HumanRights Article 1 : “The High Contracting Parties shall secure to everyone within their jurisdiction the rights and freedoms defined in [the] Convention.”

9. ECHR case-law “States have the undeniable sovereign right to control the entry, residence and expulsion of foreigners.” (Moustaquim, 1991).   “The right to political asylum is not contained in either the Convention or its Protocols.” (Vilvarajah, 1991) A balancing act between human rights protection and security interests of States.

10. ECHR case-law http://www.echr.coe.int/ECHR/EN/Header/Case-Law/Hudoc/Hudoc+database/

11. The European Union: Member states of the European Union Candidate countries

12. EU – CoE All member states of the EU are Contracting Parties to the ECHR. Treaty of Lisbon, Article 6: 2. The Union shall accede to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. Such accession shall not affect the Union's competences as defined in the Treaties. 3. Fundamental rights, as guaranteed by the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and as they result from the constitutional traditions common to the Member States, shall constitute general principles of the Union's law.

13. The European Union Initially ? Member States Aim: European … Community Treaties (Rome 1957, Maastricht 1992, Amsterdam 1997, Nice 2001, Lisbon 2009)

14. The European Union • Enlargement # of Member States • Deepening • Political dimension : « Europeancitizenship ?? » • A President of the European Council • A High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy

15. Field of activities: 36 chapters (AREA OF FREEDOM, SECURITY AND JUSTICE, FREE MOVEMENT OF GOODS, AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES, ECONOMIC AND MONETARY POLICY, EMPLOYMENT, SOCIAL POLICY, EDUCATION, VOCATIONAL TRAINING, YOUTH AND SPORT, CULTURE, PUBLIC HEALTH, CONSUMER PROTECTION, TRANS-EUROPEAN NETWORKS,INDUSTRY, ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND TERRITORIAL COHESION, RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT AND SPACE, ENVIRONMENT, ENERGY, TOURISM , CIVIL PROTECTION, ADMINISTRATIVE COOPERATION , EXTERNAL ACTION BY THE UNION . . .)

16. Treaty of Lisbon http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2008:115:0001:0012:EN:PDF

17. EU - HR Preamble: DRAWING INSPIRATION from the cultural, religious and humanist inheritance of Europe, from which have developed the universal values of the inviolable and inalienable rights of the human person, freedom, democracy, equality and the rule of law,

18. EU - HR Treaty of Lisbon, Article 6: 1. The Union recognises the rights, freedoms and principles set out in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (…), which shall have the same legal value as the Treaties.

19. The European Court of Justice - Luxembourg

20. The European Migration Policy

21. The freedom of movement • Treaty of Rome (1957) Freedom of establishment for « workers » within the commonmarket • The Schengen agreements (1985 and 1990) • the abolition of controls at the internal borders • the reinforcement of external borders controls  

22. Progressive construction of an “area of freedom, security and justice” Treaty of Maastricht, 1992 Migration policy: question d’intérêt commun Treaty of Amsterdam, 1997 « Communitisation » of migration and asylum

23. Treaty establishing the European Community 1997, Amsterdam TITLE IV VISAS, ASYLUM, IMMIGRATION AND OTHER POLICIES RELATED TO FREE MOVEMENT OF PERSONS Article 61 In order to establish progressively an area of freedom, security and justice, the Council shall adopt: (a) (...) in conjunction with directly related flanking measures with respect to external border controls, asylum and immigration, (...) and measures to prevent and combat crime (...);

24. FIVE-YEAR PLAN OF ACTIONS Tampere Programme (1999-2004) The Hague Programme (2005-2009) The Stockholm Programme (2010-2014)

25. A policyfocused on the fightagainstirregular migration The European Pact on Immigration and Asylum (October 2008) Legal migration Illegal migration Border controls  Asylum policies Foreign countries

26. Treaty of Lisbon 2009 TITLE V- AREA OF FREEDOM, SECURITY AND JUSTICE, Article 79 1. The Union shall develop a common immigration policy aimed at ensuring, at all stages, the efficient management of migration flows, fair treatment of third-country nationals residing legally in Member States, and the prevention of, and enhanced measures to combat, illegal immigration and trafficking in human beings.

27. An evolving policy • I. Increasing protection for third country nationals legally residing in EU member states • II. “Global approach to migration” But: • III. Fight against irregular migration

28. I. Increasing protection for third country nationals legally residing in EU member states

29. Treaty of Lisbon, Article 20: 2. Citizens of the Union shall enjoy the rights and be subject to the duties provided for in the Treaties. They shall have, inter alia: (a) the right to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States;

30. Directive 2004/58/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States amending Regulation (EEC) No 1612/68 and repealing Directives 64/221/EEC, 68/360/EEC, 72/194/EEC, 73/148/EEC, 75/34/EEC, 75/35/EEC, 90/364/EEC, 90/365/EEC and 93/96/EEC

31. EU: freedom of movement and establishment for foreigners Council Directive 2003/86/EC of 22 September 2003 on the right to family reunification Council Directive 2003/109/EC of 25 November 2003 concerning the status of third-country nationals who are long-term residents Council Directive 2004/114/EC of 13 December 2004 on the conditions of admission of third-country nationals for the purposes of studies, pupil exchange, unremunerated training or voluntary service Association agreements (Turkey, Morocco,… ) Case-law of the ECJ (Metock 2008, Chen 2004, Sevince 1990…)

32. II. Global Approach to Migration

33. STOCKHOLM PROGRAMME (2010-2014) A balance between the three areas : - promoting mobility and legal migration, - optimising the link between migration and development, and - preventing and combating illegal immigration

34. Migration and development • ensure efficient, secure and low-cost remittance transfers, enhance the development impact of remittance transfers, create a common EU portal on remittances to inform migrants about transfer costs, • diaspora groups should be further involved in EU development initiatives, • explore the concept of circular migration and study ways to facilitate orderly circulation of migrants.

35. align international migration more closely to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals explore the connection between climate change, migration and development needs

36. A concerted policy in keeping with national labour-market requirements “Labour immigration can contribute to increased competitiveness and economic vitality. “ encourage the creation of flexible admission systems that are responsive to the priorities, needs, numbers and volumes determined by each Member State;  improve skills recognition and labour matching between the European Union and third countries; improve the capacity to analyze labour market needs, the transparency of European on-line employment and recruitment information, training, information dissemination, and skills matching in the country of origin.

37. The fight against irregular migration in the EU

38. Between10 and 15 percent of Europe’s 56 million migrants have irregular status and each year around half a million undocumented migrants arrive in the EU (OECD 2000). • “The estimates of the total number of illegal migrants in the EU include two to three million (Global Migration Perspectives 2005), • 4.5 million (IOM 2000) and seven to eight million (United Nations' Trends in Total Migrant Stock: The 2003 Revision). • In France, 200 000 to 400 000 irregular migrants. • In UK, 524 000 to 947 000 irregular migrants

39. http://fortresseurope.blogspot.com/2006/02/immigrants-dead-at-frontiers-of-europe_16.htmlhttp://fortresseurope.blogspot.com/2006/02/immigrants-dead-at-frontiers-of-europe_16.html

40. Fortress Europe • Scarica la versione stampabile di questo documento • 26/12/08 • Spagna Ritrovato il corpo senza vita di un migrante lungo la costa di Melilla Diario Sur • 21/12/08 • Turchia Naufragio nelle acque di Ayvacik, sulla rotta per Mytilini. Ritrovati 3 cadaveri, 4 i dispersi Afp • 10/12/08 • Italia Un ragazzino afgano di 13 anni muore travolto dal camion sotto... Corriere • 08/12/08 • Turchia Naufragio al largo di Ayvalik, 4 morti annegati, tra cui una donna Kathimerini • 06/12/08 • Grecia Affonda un gommone carico di migranti al largo dell’isola di Samos. Earth Times • 28/11/08 • Italia Soccorse due navi con 650 migranti a bordo,... Repubblica • 28/11/08 • Grecia Trovati due immigrati morti abbandonati lungo una strada costiera nella Grecia Associated Press

41. Measures of fight against irregular migration gathering, analysis and exchange of information visa policies sanctions against employers and carriers measures relating to the management of external borders detention readmission and return policies cooperation with third countries ....

42. Visa policies Convention implementing the Schengen Agreement of 14 June 1985 between the Governments of the States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the gradual abolition of checks at their common borders, 1990 - Short-stay visas - Article 9 The Contracting Parties undertake to adopt a common policy on the movement of persons and, in particular, on the arrangements for visas. They shall assist each other to that end. The Contracting Parties undertake to pursue through common consent the harmonisation of their policies on visas. - Long-stay visas ??

43. Visa policies A uniform format for visas, 1995 Common list, 2001 Common consular instructions on visas for diplomatic missions and consular posts, 2002 Visa information system (VIS), 2004

46. Visa policy – STOCKHOLM PROGRAM 2010-2014 Regional consular cooperation programmes: the establishment of common visa application centres. possibility of establishing a common European issuing mechanism for short term visas.

47. Integrated management of the external borders The European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders (FRONTEX), 2005 • coordination of operational cooperation between Member States • training of national border guards, common training standards; • risk analyses; • technical and operational assistance at external borders; • support Member States in organising joint return operations.

48. STOCKHOLM PR Integrated management of the external borders joint operations at sea; increased operational cooperation between Frontex and countries of origin and transit and examination of the possibility of regular chartering financed by Frontex creation of a European system of border guards development of the European Border Surveillance System (Eurosur) in the Southern and Eastern borders: a system using modern technologies and supporting Member States, promoting interoperability and uniform border surveillance standards.

49. Examples of accomplished operations • MINERVA 2009 • Aims: • Strengthening the control of the southern maritime borders of EU by tackling the illegal flows from Africa towards the southern seaports of Spain (Algeciras, Ceuta & Tarifa) • Budget: 22,500,000.00 •  HS : Spain • MS : Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal • Type: Sea • Region : Western Mediterranean • Realisation : From  2009-08-10  to  2009-09-11

50. HAMMER FRAMEWORK 2008 • Aims:The Hammer 2008 Framework Joint Operation is a new approach to facilitate a future capacity to more quickly react to emerging regional challenges identified by risk analysis and emanating from proposals by Member States and other sources. Implementation:First phase: 24 September - 07 October 2008Second phase: 22 October - 04 November 2008Third phase: 18 November - 02 December 2008Figures:3 operational phases were carried out in 2008 covering approx 95-99% of non Schengen flights per operational area.762 detected illegal migrants,71 forged documents detected in the operational area during the three phases.25 participating countries, 115 international airports, 233 experts deployed.Cooperation with Europol, Interpol, UNHCR, EU Council General, Secretariat-FADO working group.