History of Energy Crisis and Converting Solar Energy to usable Energy by using Nanoscale

1. History of Energy Crisis and Converting Solar Energy to usable Energy by using Nanoscale By Lisa Trinh Chem. 12B Dr. Adamczeski

2. Outline • Energy Crisis • Solar Panel • Disadvantages • Cost vs. Efficiency • Carbon Nanotube • Structure • Organic Solar Cell • Solar Cell Design of Nanotechnology • Photocatalysis with Metal-Semiconductor Composites • Model Reaction • Conclusion • Citations

3. ABSTRACT Knowing the importance of natural resource and finding out that the Earth will soon run out of the natural resources that human can depend on; we have find ways to prevent this. Therefore, I find this article interesting because it helps find a new method to reduce the waste of resources that were used for energy. The process of scaling down solar power technologies using nanoscale science is interesting even though there isn't much information that nanoscale will actually work. This presentation will help students learn how we can help expand solar energy globally and not waste any part of our energy in forms of natural gas or petroleum. It will also include a detailed discussion of the chemistry and manufacture process of voltaic cells.

4. Energy Crisis • nations suffers • from a disruption of energy supplies • rapidly increasing energy prices • Examples • Many warning signs before 1973 and 1979 exist today • Indicates that current situation could be even worse • 30% of energy imported in form of petroleum and natural gas • 85% of energy comes from fossil fuel • Pump of gasoline is exceeding $3.00 per gallon ENERGY CRISIS IS STILL RISING

5. Solar Panel • Flat collection of solar cells (multicrystalline silicon wafer) or solar thermal collector • Use for converting solar energy to electricity or heat Solar Cell

6. Disadvantage of Solar Panel • Not enough solar energy can be capture when days are not bright • Only contributes one part in a million total energy • 5 to 10 time more expensive on a kilowatt-hour basis than electricity derived from burning petroleum resources • Shatter like glass

7. Cost vs. Efficiency http://cnst.rice.edu/conference_energy.cfm?doc_id=5168 Efficiency µt1/2 Small Grain, Polycrystalline Solids, and/or Disorder organic film Large Grain Single Crystals d d Long d High t High Cost Long d Low t Lower Cost t (unit of magnetic flux density) decreases as grain size (and cost) decreases

8. Carbon Nanotubes • Carbon Nanotubes are minuscule wires • discovered by the Japanese electron microscopist Sumjo Ijima in 1991

9. Structure of Carbon Nanotubes • Cylinder shape was formed by rolling up a graphene sheet • the ends of the chiral vector meet each other and was Cap with half of a fullerene molecule • the circumference of the nanotube's circular cross-section was form by the chiral vector • Different value of n and m leads to different structure. Chiral Nanotube Armchair Nanotube Zigzag Nanotube

10. Structure of Carbon Nanotubes (continue) • It is entirely composed of sp2 bonds • Stronger than sp3 bonds found in diamond • Align themselves into “ropes” held together by Van Der Waals forces • Nanotubes can merge together by trading some sp2 and sp3 bonds under high pressure • producing strong unlimited wire through

11. Solar Cell Design of Nanotechnology

12. Organic Solar Cells • Assembly of molecular cluster • Photoinduced charge separation in donor-acceptor based molecular clusters • Conversion of light energy into electricity

13. O2 – CB – e O2- t h t + Ar-Cl hn + VB X CO2+HCl OH OH- Photocatalysis with Metal-Semiconductor Composites • Electron storage in metal nanoparticle • Hydrogen production only in metal catalysts • Reduction/Oxidation process Electrons are scavenged by oxygen

14. Red Ox Model Reaction of Photocataylsis with Metal-Semiconductor hn

15. Conclusion Challenges for the Chemical Sciences • Provide Disruptive Solar Technology: • Inexpensive conversion systems, effective storage systems • Provide the New Chemistry to Support an Evolving Mix in Fuels for Primary and Secondary Energy: • Multi-electron transfer reactions • Methane Activation to Methanol: CH4 + (1/2)O2 = CH3OH • Direct Methanol Fuel Cell: CH3OH + H2O = CO2 + 6H+ + 6e- • CO2 (Photo)reduction to Methanol: CO2 + 6H+ +6e- = CH3OH • H2/O2 Fuel Cell: H2 = 2H+ + 2e-; O2 + 4 H+ + 4e- = 2H2O • (Photo)chemical Water Splitting: 2H+ + 2e- = H2; 2H2O = O2 + 4H+ + 4e- • Improved Oxygen fuel cell Cathode; O2 + 4H+ + 4e- = 2H2O

16. Works Cited • Ericson, Lars M. “Macroscopic, neat, single-walled carbon nanotube fibets.” Science. 3 September 2004: 4. Expanded Academic ASAP. InfoTrac. Evergreen Valley Coll. Lib., San Jose, CA. 22 April 2006. <http://0-web7.infotrac.galegroup.com.library.sjeccd.org/itw/infomark/988/555/84179398w7/purl=rc1_EAIM_0_A122325297&dyn=3!xrn_12_0_A122325297?sw_aep=san57663 • Jacoby, Mitch. “Expanding Solar Energy Globally.” Chemical & Engineering. 30 May 2005: 35-37 • “Models of Nanotubes.” 1996-2006. Physics World. 5 April 2006. <http://physicsweb.org/articles/world/11/1/9/1/world%2D11%2D1%2D9%2D2>. • “Nanotechnology solar breakthrough will help spur viability of alternative energy.” 8 October 2005. 6 March 2006. <http://nanotechwire.com/news.asp?nid=2411&ntid=120&pg=1>. • Smalley, Richard E. “The Richard E. Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology.” 2006. Rice University. 6 March 2006. <http://cnst.rice.edu/conference_energy.cfm?doc_id=5168>. • “U.S. faces oil crisis on variety of front.” 2006. The Desert Sun. 23 April 2006. <http://www.evc.edu/it/library/handouts/MLA.htm>. • “Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia.” 1 May 2006. Wikimedia Foundations, Inc. 6 March 2006. <http://en.wikipedia.org/>. • William, James L. “The Coming Energy Crisis?” 2003. 6 March 2006. <http://www.wtrg.com/EnergyCrisis/>.