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THE ART OF PERSUASION. According to Aristotle, when persuading others to think/do something, there are three different methods that are used: Ethos Pathos Logos A good persuasion/argument uses all three of these methods, but often, only one is used, depending on the writer.
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THE ART OF PERSUASION • According to Aristotle, when persuading others to think/do something, there are three different methods that are used: • Ethos • Pathos • Logos • A good persuasion/argument uses all three of these methods, but often, only one is used, depending on the writer.
Speaker/Ethos- The speaker or writer attempts to establish a connection with the audience by establishing trust and credibility. Subject/Logos- The speaker or writer appeals to logic or reason to persuade the audience. Audience/Pathos- The speaker or writer appeals to the audience’s emotions in order to persuade.
THE ART OF PERSUASION • Logos is persuasion based on logic or reason.
LOGOS • Why does logos work? • When the speaker is able to back up what they say with facts and statistics, the argument is made stronger. • When a speaker is able to logically prove the rationality behind an idea or action, it is much more difficult to refuse to accept.
LOGOS • Example of logos: • When I look in the cafeteria at lunch, I see people of the same ethnicity sitting at the same table. Asians sit with Asians, African Americans with African Americans, Hispanics with Hispanics. Students segregate themselves. • 70% of the unit will be your paper and final exam. It will be very important for you to do your best on your paper and prepare for the novel final exam.
THE ART OF PERSUASION • Pathos is persuasion that appeals to the emotions.
PATHOS • Why does pathos work? • An appeal to pathos causes an audience not just to respond emotionally but to identify with the writer's point of view--to feel what the writer feels. • Pathos is often created through narrative or story, which can turn the intangible ideas of logic into something tangible and understandable.
PATHOS • Example of pathos: • There are some children in the world who do not have access to education. In some of the poorest countries in the world, poor, helpless children would make great sacrifices in order to receive an education, in hopes of improving their lives. Since you have access to free, quality education, you should take full advantage of it and make learning a priority. Thus, you should do your homework.
THE ART OF PERSUASION • Ethos is persuasion based on the authority/credibility of the speaker’s character, or based on the authority of others whom the speaker cites.
THE ART OF PERSUASION • Why does ethos work? • We tend to believe people whom we respect. • We have more trust in the words of those who prove that they are trustworthy– by his or her expertise in the field, his or her previous record or integrity, and so forth. • This is why it is necessary to get letters of recommendation when applying for jobs, colleges, etc.
THE ART OF PERSUASION • Example of Ethos: • Throughout high school and college, I made learning my top priority and made sure to complete all of my homework assignments on time and to the best of my ability. This not only allowed me to receive honors in high school and college, but it made me an economically successful human being. I am fully capable of participating in challenging academic discussions (inside or outside of a classroom setting). Thus, I am urging you to make your education a priority and to complete your homework to further your own success.
Faulty Reasoning • Hasty Generalizations • Either/or • False cause and effect • Name calling (in packet- sometimes used by politicians)
Hasty Generalizations:Coming to a conclusion based on insufficient evidence • Most students smoke pot so it must be OK to smoke pot. • All my friends prefer uniforms so most tenth-graders would rather have uniforms.
Either/or: Describing a situation as though there are only 2 choices • Either you are with us or against us (Bush describing the Iraq invasion) • Either we legalize pot or we face increased drug cartels and street violence.
False cause and effect: Because event A followed B, A caused B. • Every time there is an increase in ice-cream sales there is an increase in rape, therefore ice-cream must cause rape. • Since Clackamas High has enforced the “No cell phone” policy, students have had better grades, therefore not using cell phones makes you smarter.
Appeals to Pathos (Emotion) • Loaded Words (see packet p. 12- Emotion-laden words and appeals to basic values) • Glittering generalities • Bandwagon appeals • Testimonials
Loaded words: strong words that have negative or positive connotations • Ms. Wagner is firm on her late-work policy • Ms. Wagner is stubborn when it comes to accepting late work. Ms. Wagner is obstinate on her late work policy. • Smoking pot makes your mind a creative wonder of beauty. • Smoking pot makes your mind numb and dumb.
Bandwagon: Everyone’s doing it! Don’t miss out! • All but two schools in the Portland area are allowing students to use cell phones. (implied- those schools are losers!) • Mom and Dad, everyone has the new I-phone. They are selling out fast.
Testimonials: Fame and Glamour vs. Expertise • Justin Timberlake endorses marijuana consumption so it must be good for you! • Tim Tebow believes in the power of Christianity therefore it must be true (instead of a religious scholar).
