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Introduction to Corporate Finance

Introduction to key concepts of corporate finance, financial management decisions, agency conflicts, and regulatory frameworks. Learn about cash flow importance, financial goals, business organization forms, and the role of the financial manager.

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Introduction to Corporate Finance

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  1. Chapter 1 Introduction to Corporate Finance

  2. Key Concepts and Skills • Know the basic types of financial management decisions and the role of the Financial Manager • Know the financial implications of the various forms of business organization • Know the goal of financial management • Understand the conflicts of interest that can arise between owners and managers • Understand the various regulations that firms face

  3. Chapter Outline 1.1 What is Corporate Finance? 1.2 The Corporate Firm 1.3 The Importance of Cash Flows 1.4 The Goal of Financial Management 1.5 The Agency Problem and Control of the Corporation 1.6 Regulation

  4. 1.1 What Is Corporate Finance? Corporate Finance addresses the following three questions: • What long-term investments should the firm choose? • How should the firm raise funds for the selected investments? • How should short-term assets be managed and financed?

  5. Total Value of Assets: Total Firm Value to Investors: Current Liabilities Current Assets Long-Term Debt Fixed Assets 1 Tangible 2 Intangible Shareholders’ Equity Balance Sheet Model of the Firm

  6. The Capital Budgeting Decision Current Liabilities Current Assets Long-Term Debt Fixed Assets 1 Tangible 2 Intangible Shareholders’ Equity What long-term investments should the firm choose?

  7. The Capital Structure Decision Current Liabilities Current Assets Long-Term Debt How should the firm raise funds for the selected investments? Fixed Assets 1 Tangible 2 Intangible Shareholders’ Equity

  8. Short-Term Asset Management Current Liabilities Current Assets Net Working Capital Long-Term Debt How should short-term assets be managed and financed? Fixed Assets 1 Tangible 2 Intangible Shareholders’ Equity

  9. The Financial Manager The Financial Manager’s primary goal is to increase the value of the firm by: • Selecting value creating projects • Making smart financing decisions

  10. Financial Accounting Capital Expenditures Financial Planning Cost Accounting Data Processing Credit Manager Cash Manager Tax Manager Board of Directors Controller Treasurer Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (CFO) President and Chief Operating Officer (COO) Hypothetical Organization Chart

  11. 1.2 The Corporate Firm • The corporate form of business is the standard method for solving the problems encountered in raising large amounts of cash. • However, businesses can take other forms.

  12. Forms of Business Organization • The Sole Proprietorship • The Partnership • General Partnership • Limited Partnership • The Corporation

  13. Corporation Partnership Liquidity Shares can be easily exchanged Subject to substantial restrictions Voting Rights Usually each share gets one vote General Partner is in charge; limited partners may have some voting rights Taxation Double Partners pay taxes on distributions Reinvestment and dividend payout Broad latitude All net cash flow is distributed to partners Liability Limited liability General partners may have unlimited liability; limited partners enjoy limited liability Continuity Perpetual life Limited life A Comparison

  14. Firm Financialmarkets Government 1.3 The Importance of Cash Flow Firm issues securities (A) Retained cash flows (F) Investsin assets(B) Cash flowfrom firm (C) Dividends anddebt payments (E) Short-term debt Long-term debt Equity shares Current assetsFixed assets Taxes (D) The cash flows from the firm must exceed the cash flows from the financial markets. Ultimately, the firm must be a cash generating activity.

  15. 1.4 The Goal of Financial Management • What is the correct goal? • Maximize profit? • Minimize costs? • Maximize market share? • Maximize shareholder wealth?

  16. 1.5 The Agency Problem • Agency relationship • Principal hires an agent to represent his/her interest • Stockholders (principals) hire managers (agents) to run the company • Agency problem • Conflict of interest between principal and agent

  17. Managerial Goals • Managerial goals may be different from shareholder goals • Expensive perquisites • Survival • Independence • Increased growth and size are not necessarily equivalent to increased shareholder wealth

  18. Managing Managers • Managerial compensation • Incentives can be used to align management and stockholder interests • The incentives need to be structured carefully to make sure that they achieve their intended goal • Corporate control • The threat of a takeover may result in better management • Other stakeholders

  19. 1.6 Regulation • The Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 • Issuance of Securities (1933) • Creation of SEC and reporting requirements (1934) • Sarbanes-Oxley (“Sarbox”) • Increased reporting requirements and responsibility of corporate directors

  20. Quick Quiz • What are the three basic questions Financial Managers must answer? • What are the three major forms of business organization? • What is the goal of financial management? • What are agency problems, and why do they exist within a corporation? • What major regulations impact public firms?

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