Nationalism Triumphs in Europe

1. Nationalism Triumphs in Europe Ch.22

2. Building a German Nation Sec. 1

3. Otto von Bismarck • Who: Prime minister of Prussia • What: King William I made him Prime Minister, he hoped to bring more power to the Hohenollerns (Prussian kings) by uniting Germ • When: 1871 • Where: Prussia, Germany • Why: used Realpolitik to create a powerful Prussian army – starts wars w. nearby powers (Austria & France) to solidify Prussian power & bring Germanic ppls together  he unites the Germanic states into large empire “2nd Reich” = Germany is largest, most powerful country in Europe

4. Chancellor • Who: Otto Von Bismarck • What: the highest official of a monarch • When: 1862 • Where: Prussia • Why: King William I made Bismarck Prime minister = soon became this high official w. all the real leading power

5. Realpolitik • Who: Otto von Bismarck • What: real politics based on the needs of the state, “Blood and Iron” • When: 1860s-1870s • Where: Prussia, Germany • Why: in this strategy power was more important than principles; Bismarck used this policy of “Blood & Iron” (the blood of men in war & build up your industry) to unite G through war & make it into a powerful empire

6. Annex • Who: Bismarck, Prussians • What: take control of other land • When: 1866 • Where: Prussia, north German states • Why: Bismarck dissolved the Austrian-led German Confederation- went to war w. Austria – Prussia won = took north German states & made a new Prussian-led confederation = kicking Austria out

7. Kaiser • Who William I • What: German title for Emperor • When: 1871 • Where: Germany • Why: German people  b.c of the victory over France = convince William I to take this title when the German Confederation was united under one central power in the Second Reich (or Empire)

8. Reich • Who Germans, nationalists • What: German empire • When1871 • Where Germany • Why: This united Germany into one central Empire; Bismarck set up a two-house legislature; Bundesrat (upper house) appointed by rulers, Reichstag (lower house)- elected by universal male suffrage; Bundesrat could veto any decisions of the Reichstag= power remained w. Emperor

9. Germany Strengthens Sec. 2

10. Kulturkampf • Who: Bismarck • What: “Battle for Civilization” between Catholics & Lutherans • When: 1871-1878 • Where: Germany • Why: Bismarck was a Lutheran, 1/3rd of Germany was Catholic = he distrusted them = wanted them to put loyalty to the state instead of church = passed laws that gave the state the right to supervise Catholics = Catholics united agnst Bismarck = he tried to make peace w. them

11. William II • Who: German Kaiser, grandson of William I • What: succeeded William I, the 1st Kaiser; confident ruler who believed his right to rule was from God • When • Where • Why: (on the next slide..)

12. Why… • shocked Europe by asking Bismarck to step down b.c. he wanted the pwr; • resisted Democratic reforms but provided social welfare programs; • Built up German military, the greatest in Europe (…WWI…) • Expanded German navy • His nationalism & aggressive military stance = increased tensions = WWI

13. Social Welfare • Who: William II • What: programs to help certain groups of people • When: 1888 • Where: Germany • Why: William II’s gov’t provided services such as cheap transportation & electricity; an excellent system of public schools taught students obedience to the Emperor

14. Unifying Italy Sec. 3

15. Camillo Cavour • Who: Italian politician & unifier • What: watned to unify Italy under a monarchy, unified Northern Italy • When: 1860s • Where: Italy • Why: He reformed Sardinia’s economy- improved agriculture, built railroads, free trade; Long term goal: end Austrian control in Italy & annex Lombardy & Venetia (provinces near him); provoked war with Austria = independence = unified Northern Italy; joined with Garibaldi= one complete unified Italy

16. Giuseppe Garibaldi • Who: Italian nationalist • What: led “Red shirts” & wanted Italian unification under a republic, unified Southern Italy • When: 1860s • Where: Italy • Why: led “Red Shirts” (army) in controlling Sicily then joined Cavour’s forces & united Southern Italy= turned over S. Italy to Emmanuel (in the North) for one complete unified Italy

17. Anarchist • Who: Socialists, Anarchists • What: people who want to abolish all government • When: late 1800s • Where: Italy • Why: Left wing radicals were struggling agnst the Conservative govt- eventually Anarchists emerged b.c. they believed the gov’t no longer was a functional system= they turned to sabotage & violence = eventually the govt extended suffrage to more men & improved social conditions

18. Emigration • Who: Italian peasants • What: to move away from your homeland, people that leave to live in another country • When: 1900s • Where: Italy to US, Canada, Latin Am • Why: many Italians left & went to Americas because of the divisions (poor vs rich) & political probs (Lib vs. Conserv.); by 1914, Italy was much better off than 1861 but still had probs

19. Russia: Reform and Reaction Sec.5

20. Colossus • Who: Russia • What: giant in size • When: 1800s- present • Where: Russia • Why: Russia was giant in size = Europeans feared her autocratic govt & expansion; but even though Russia had immense natural resources she remained economically undeveloped = there was a need to modernize

21. Crimean War • Who: Russians vs. Ottoman Turks • What: a war the broke out after Russia tried to seize Ottoman Lands along the Danube River • Where: Crimean Peninsula • When: 1855 • Why: Britain & France helped Ottomans invade the Crimean penin; Russia was defeated = revealed Russsia’s backwardness = Russia had only a few miles of RR, military was inefficient = many felt dramatic changes were needed to modernize

22. Alexander II • Who: Tsar of Russia • What: A tsar who believed in reform and repression • When: 1855 • Where: Russia • Why: (on next slide)

23. Why: • liberals demanded dramatic changes so he: • In 1861 he emancipated all serfs; • He also set up a system of local gov. Elected assemblies (zemstovs) ; • discussed road repairs, schools, and agriculture • Legal reforms like trial by jury • Eased censorship • Reduced military service terms • encouraged growth of industry • Reforms still didn’t please the majority = he became more strict = assassinated 1881

24. Emancipation • Who: Alexander II, Russian serfs • What: freeing of the serfs • When: 1861 • Where: Russia • Why: Alexander II reformed Russia in order to improve it- this freedom brought probs. = • former serfs had to buy the land they had worked, but were 2 poor; • the land allotted to peasants were 2 small to efficiently support a family/make a living * Peasants stayed poor = DISCONTENT!

25. Zemstov • Who: Alexander II, Russians • What: elected assemblies • When: 1861 • Where:Russia • Why: Alexander II reformed Russia by giving a form of elected gov’t = they were responsible for road repairs, schools, & agriculture= this gave Russians some experience w. self-government at the local level

26. Alexander III • Who: Tsar of Russia, son Alexander II • What: revives harsh methods of Nicholas I, focused more on repression & gets rids of Alex II’s reforms • Where: Russia • When: 1881-1890s • Why:

27. Why: • Increased power of secret police • Restored strict censorship • Exiled critics to Siberia • Russification= suppressed non-Russian cultures= increased persecution of the Jews • Finally entered the industrial age

28. Pogrom • Who: Jewish, Russians • What: violent mob attacks on Jewish people & their homes • When: 1800-1914 • Where: Russia • Why: Under Alex III, persecution increased = Jews not allowed at universities or in certain professions, forced to live in certain places; gangs beat & killed Jewish people, looted & burned their homes & stores= most Jews fled in large #s to the US

29. Refugees • Who: Russian Jews • What: people who flee their homeland to seek safety elsewhere • When: 1800s-1900s • Where: Russia- US • Why: official persecution of Jews encouraged pogroms = gangs beating, killing, burning Jews & their homes = many left Russia for safety = large #s went to the US

30. Nicholas II • Who: Tsar of Russia, son of Alexander III • What: focused on economic development • Where: Russia • When: 1894-1917 • Why: (on next slide)

31. encouraged industrialization • encouraged building of RR; secured foreign capital to invest in industry & transportation (Trans-Siberian RR) • = political & social probs increased- peasants & nobles feared rapid changes & poor working conditions =  • = Revolution of 1905 = tried to please the people w. Duma & changes but still not happy • = Rev. of 1917 = executed = end to the monarchy in Russia

32. Duma • Who: Nicholas II, Russians • What: an elected national legislature • When: 1905 • Where: Russia • Why: peasants are angry & revolt in the Rev of 1905 = terrorists target gov’t officials = Nicholas II summons the Duma to appease the ppl saying no law would go into effect w.o their approval

33. Peter Stolypin • Who: Russian prime minister under Nicholas II • What: Russian prime minister that sought to restore order after Revolution of 1905 • When:1906 • Where: Russia • Why: he wanted to reform Russia; wanted to gain peasant support w. moderate land reforms, strengthened zemstovs & improved education; - reforms too limited for most = was assassinated 1911