Chapter 23: Nationalism Triumphs through Europe

1. Chapter 23: NationalismTriumphs through Europe Section 1: Building a German Nation Section 2: Strengthening Germany Section 3: Unifying Italy Section 4: Nationalism Threatens Old Empires Section 5: Russia; Reform & Reaction

2. Section 1: Building a German Nation • Summary: • Otto Von Bismarck, the chancellor of Prussia, led the drive for German Unity

3. Section 1: Building a German Nation • In the early 1800s, most German-speaking people were loyal to their own states • From 1807 to 1812, Napoleon of France raided German lands • Feelings of Nationalism stirred in those who fought French rule • Some Germans called for German Unity

4. Section 1: Building a German Nation • In the 1830s, Prussia set up a trade agreement among German states • Each state still governed itself, but Prussia had become a clear leader under King William I

6. Section 1: Building a German Nation • Otto Von Bismarck, appointed chancellor in 1862, guided Prussian Government policies: • Bismarck’s goal was to unite the German States under Prussian rule • Bismarck’s policy was known as “Blood and Iron” • Blood stood for his willingness to engage other countries in warfare • Iron symbolized his desire to forge Germany into a modern industrialized nation

7. Section 1: Building a German Nation • Bismarck’s aggressive tactics to unify Germany included participation in three wars between 1864 and 1870 • 1864; Prussia allies with Austria to defeat Demark • 1866; Prussia defeats Austria • 1870; Franco-Prussian War, Prussia defeats France

8. Section 1: Building a German Nation • Question: • What do these wars all have in common? • Answer: • All resulted in Prussian victories • All resulted in Prussian territorial gains • All encouraged German nationalism, or pride in being German

9. Section 1: Building a German Nation • Bismarck used Prussia’s victory over France to unite the German states under the leadership of William I

10. Section 1: Building a German Nation • William I of Prussia becomes………… Kaiser William I, the Emperor of Germany • Together, Kaiser William I and Otto Von Bismarck become two of the most powerful people in Europe

11. Section 2: Strengthening Germany • Summary: • Germany increased its power by building up its industry and military

12. Section 2: Strengthening Germany • After Germany unified in 1871, it became the leader of industry in Europe • Before unification, many German states already had big factories and well-built railroads • The new nation built upon this progress

13. Section 2: Strengthening Germany • German Advantages: • Germany had plenty of coal and iron, both needed by industries of the late 1800s • A population boom provided Germans to work and buy products

14. Section 2: Strengthening Germany • Chancellor Otto Von Bismarck had great plans for Germany • Foreign goals: • Keep France weak & isolated • Build alliances with Austria & Russia • Domestic Goals: • Crush all opposition

15. Section 2: Strengthening Germany • Bismarck’s attempts to control German citizens sometimes met with outrage • His anti-Catholic campaign sought to undermine the authority of the church, but resulted in a public backlash of support for Catholics • Bismarck was forced to end his attacks

16. Section 2: Strengthening Germany • Bismarck also feared the growing power of socialists could lead to a revolt • He banned socialists from holding public meetings • When workers ignored the bans, Bismarck set up new programs to meet their needs • He felt that happy workers would not turn to Socialism

17. Section 2: Strengthening Germany • In 1888, William II became the next Kaiser • William II wanted absolute power • In 1890 William II shocked the world by asking Bismarck to step down • He also rolled back even the modest democratic reforms William I & Bismarck had allowed

18. Section 2: Strengthening Germany • William II made sure all of his people had good services, including: • Schools, where students were taught to obey the Kaiser • The continued expansion of what was already the largest army in Europe, including the development of modern weaponry • The building of the world’s most modern navy • The DESIRE to gain overseas colonies

19. Section 3: Unifying Italy • Summary: • In the 1800s, influential leaders helped to create a unified Italy

20. Section 3: Unifying Italy • When the Roman Empire fell in the 400s, Italy split into many kingdoms • In the 1800s, Napoleon of France combined some of the kingdoms • Italians began to dream of one Free land

21. Austrian controlled lands Land controlled by the Catholic Church

22. Section 3: Unifying Italy • After the reign of Napoleon, Italy was still divided • Nationalists wanted unity, but regional differences worked against them • Austria ruled in N. Italy • The R.C. Church controlled central Italy

23. Section 3: Unifying Italy • Skilled leaders fought for unification • In the 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini founded a rebel group called Young Italy • In the kingdom of Sardinia, King Victor Emmanuel II made plans to rule all of Italy • In 1852, he named Camillo Cavour as prime minister

24. Section 3: Unifying Italy • Sardinia became the center of the fight for unity • Cavour joined with France in a war against Austria • As Cavour gained land and respect for Sardinia, more N. Italian states allied with Sardinia

25. Section 3: Unifying Italy • Giuseppe Garibaldi led a force that won Sicily and then moved north • Meanwhile, Cavour sent troops south • The two armies overran all the Italian states but Venetia and Rome • As of 1861, Victor Emmanuel ruled the united lands

26. Section 3: Unifying Italy • By 1871, all foreign control of Italian land had ended • The Pope could not fight off the Italian troops, therefore Rome was surrendered and became the new capital city of unified Italy

27. Section 3: Unifying Italy • The new (united) Italy faced conflicts • The urban north quarreled with the rural south • The Catholic Church continued to resist • Unrest grew as groups called for social change & male suffrage

28. Quiz – on a separate piece of paper answer the following questions • 1.) What individual is most responsible for the unification of both Germany & Italy? • 2.) Who was known as the Iron Chancellor? • 3.) What Italian kingdom was Camillo Cavour the Prime Minister of? • 4.) The most powerful German state was? • 5.) Who was the 1st Kaiser of Germany?

29. Effects of Nationalism on Europe Germany Italy

30. Effects of Nationalism on Europe Ottoman Empire Austrian-Hungarian Empire

31. Section 4: Nationalism Threatens Old Empires • Summary: • Desires for national independence threatened to break up the Austrian and Ottoman Empires

32. Section 4: Nationalism Threatens Old Empires • The spirit of nationalism helped unite Germany and Italy • It also helped to break up two empires

33. Section 4: Nationalism Threatens Old Empires • In 1800, the Hapsburgs of Austria were the oldest ruling family in Europe • They controlled Bohemia & Hungary • They also ruled parts of Romania, Poland, Ukraine & Italy

34. Section 4: Nationalism Threatens Old Empires • However, loyalties to regions and ethnic groups were growing • Nationalist minority groups wanted to be free from the Austrian Empire • These groups wanted self-rule

35. Section 4: Nationalism Threatens Old Empires • In 1867, the leaders of Hungary worked out a deal with Austria • They set up the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary • The Emperor of Austria still ruled as king of Hungary, but Austria and Hungary were separate states

36. Section 4: Nationalism Threatens Old Empires • Austria & Hungary each now had the freedom to make its own laws, but each were also soon burdened with unrest • By 1900, nationalists in lands controlled by the Austria-Hungarian Empire began pressing for liberty & self-determination

37. Quiz - on a separate piece of paper answer the following questions • (Provide definitions for questions 1-4) • 1.) Self-determination – • 2.) Self-rule – • 3.) Dual monarchy – • 4.) Nationalism – • 5.) What 2 nations made up the dual monarchy of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire?

38. Section 4: Nationalism Threatens Old Empires • Like the Hapsburgs, the Ottomans ruled a huge Empire • It was home to many groups • Among them were the • Serbs • Greeks • Bulgarians • Romanians

39. Section 4: Nationalism Threatens Old Empires • During the 1800s, groups in the Balkans rebelled • Serbia won its freedom in 1817 • Greece freed itself in the 1830s • As the Ottomans continued to lose power European nations saw an opportunity to expand their empires

40. Section 4: Nationalism Threatens Old Empires • Russia, Austria-Hungary, Britain & France all took part in wars and changing alliances • At the same time, groups within the empire launched revolts and fought among themselves

41. Section 5: Russia; Reform & Reaction • Summary: • Industrialization and reforms came more slowly to Russia than to Western Europe

42. Section 5: Russia; Reform & Reaction • By 1800, Western Europe had entered the industrial age • Russia on the other hand, saw little economic growth • The Czars feared change might weaken their control • Also a rigid class system of social classes blocked progress

43. Section 5: Russia; Reform & Reaction • Wealthy nobles owned all farmlands • They cared little about industry • The middle class was too small to have much power • Most Russians were serfs who toiled for the landowners • As long as people served masters, Russia could not move forward

44. Section 5: Russia; Reform & Reaction • Alexander II, freed the serfs in 1861 • His few reforms, or changes, did not satisfy many Russians • As a result he was assassinated in 1881

45. Section 5: Russia; Reform & Reaction • His son, Alexander III, persecuted all non-Russians • He insisted on one language (Russian) and one church (Russian Orthodox • Jews were beaten and killed in attacks known as pogroms • Many Russians to other lands to avoid persecution

46. Section 5: Russia; Reform & Reaction • Under Alexander III and his son Nicholas II, Russia at last entered the industrial Age • But factory owners were often as unfair to workers as the nobles had been to serfs

47. Section 5: Russia; Reform & Reaction • On January 22, 1905, a priest led marchers to the palace of the Czar • They called for an end to poverty and a voice in government

48. Section 5: Russia; Reform & Reaction • Soldiers opened fire and killed hundreds of demonstrators • That day, known as Bloody Sunday, sparked a revolution

49. Section 5: Russia; Reform & Reaction • After Bloody Sunday, Nicholas II agreed to set up an elected Duma, or body of lawmakers • However, its powers were limited • As a result, unrest among peasants and workers did not end