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Methods of Studying The Brain

Methods of Studying The Brain . Chapter 2. Ways to study the brain …. Observation after an injury – What part of the brain is injured and what mental and bodily functions has the injury affected? (Ex. Phinneas Gage)

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Methods of Studying The Brain

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  1. Methods of Studying The Brain Chapter 2

  2. Ways to study the brain … • Observation after an injury – What part of the brain is injured and what mental and bodily functions has the injury affected? (Ex. Phinneas Gage) • Lesions – tissue destruction in the brain (naturally or experimentally caused) • Could be intentional destruction of a part of the brain – cutting or burning to treat some disease • Ex Morgan Madson and volleyball • Ex. The Fat Rat p.475

  3. Ways to study the brain … • EEG (Electroencephalogram) – records waves of electrical activity across the brain’s surface • Electrodes placed on the scalp • Electrical signals from the brain are transferred into waves

  4. Ways to study the brain … • CT Scan (Computed Tomography) – series of x-rays taken from different angles and combined by computer to show a complete representation of a slice through the body.

  5. Ways to study the brain … • PET Scan (Positron Emission Tomography) – Slightly radioactive solution is injected into the blood and then the amount of radiation absorbed by brain cells. A computer transforms the absorption into a colors that indicate neuron activity • Your thoughts “light up” • More color is associated with a more active brain • The colors red and yellow indicate maximum brain activity, blue and green are minimal activity p. 664 and 678 murderous minds

  6. Ways to study the brain … • MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) – a technique that uses a magnetic field to send radio frequencies through the brain. A Computer measures how these signals interact with the brain cells. The computer transforms these interactions into detailed images of the structure of the brain. • Blood travels to active parts of the brain • MRIs display this blood flow • Advantages – detailed, no harm, living brain can be studied

  7. Ways to study the brain … • fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) – a technique for revealing blood flow and therefore brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. • This is your brain on music • Improvisation and Music Reading Your Mind - YouTube reading fmri Hidden Motives - last 6:00

  8. Structure of the Brain Chapter 2

  9. Parts of the Brain • Brainstem – central core of the brain/ begins where the spinal cord swells and enters the brain

  10. Parts of the Brain • Medulla – blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing • Base of the brainstem. • Application example • Pons – control of facial expression • Located on the brainstem above the medulla (technically both are part of the brainstem)

  11. Parts of the Brain • Reticular formation – body arousal and ability to focus Mnemonic- tic tock goes the alarm clock. • Thalamus – receiving sensory signals • Located at the top of the brainstem • “Sensory Switchboard” because • It’s like the switchboard operator that decides where/when to place call

  12. Parts of the Brain • Cerebellum (little brain) – balance, motor movement • Extends from the rear of the brainstem. • Morgan Madson volleyball player from BHS

  13. Parts of the Brain • Limbic System – System of neural structures at the border of the brainstem • Hippocampus – formation of new memories. Mnemonic.- picture a hippo on a college campus • Amygdala – emotions. Girl with no emotions. • Hypothalamus – hunger/thirst, sexual arousal, body temperature. • FAT RAT;

  14. Corpus Callosum – Nerves that connect the two hemispheres.

  15. Parts of the Brain • Cerebral Cortex – outer layer of the brain, intricate fabric of neural cells, covers the two hemispheres, this is the thin, gray wrinkled part of the brain

  16. Hemispheres of the Brain • The cerebral cortex can be divided into two hemispheres

  17. Cerebral Cortex: 4 lobes • Each hemisphere is divided into 4 regions (lobes) • Frontal Lobe • Parietal Lobe • Occipital Lobe • Temporal Lobe

  18. Cerebral Cortex: 4 lobes • Frontal Lobe – abstract thought, planning, emotion • Ex. Phinneas Gage – limbic system is separated from frontal lobe • Parietal Lobe – contains the sensory cortex, receives touch sensations • Occipital Lobe – (optical) back of brain, visual cortex • Temporal Lobe – process sound • Brain Lobes (Occipital, Parietal, Temporal, Frontal Lobes, Cerebellum, & Brain Stem with lyrics) - YouTube

  19. The Brain in a card game • Directions: show how each of the following parts of the brain may be involved in a card game with a group of your friends: • 1 Pons 2. Amygdala 3 Hippocampus • 4 Frontal Lobe 5 Medulla 6 Temporal Lobe • 7 Occipital Lobe 8 Cerebellum • 9 Reticular Formation 10Hypothalamus • 11. Parietal Lobe • YOUTUBE- PINKY AND THE BRAIN

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