THE CAMERA

1. THE CAMERA • Literally, room in Latin. The instrument with which photographs are taken, consisting, at least, of a light-tight box, a lens which admits focused light, and some device for holding the film in position. In a digital camera, the film is replaced by a light sensitive digital sensor.

2. THE CAMERA

3. LENS Light passing through a lens is inverted. The object photographed is turned upside down on the film or digital sensor. In a SLR camera, a set of mirrors called a “pentaprism” corrects this inversion. During the exposure, the mirror in the SLR camera body flips up to allows light to pass through to the film or digital sensor.

4. SINGLE-LENS REFLEX (SLR) CAMERA • A single-lens reflex camera shows you the scene directly through the lens by employing a series of mirrors.

5. SLR CAMERA

6. CONTROLLING THE AMOUNT OF LIGHT APERTURE (size of the lens opening) controls the brightness of light that reaches the film • SHUTTER • Controls the amount of light by the length of time it remains open “STOP” – refers to a change in exposure, whether the shutter speed or aperture is changed one “stop” more exposure means to double the light reaching the film one “stop” less exposure means to half the light reaching the film

7. SHUTTER • Leaf Shutter • Located inside the lens • Quieter than a focal-plane shutter • Slower shutter speeds than a focal-plane shutter (only up to 1/500 sec.)

8. SHUTTER • Focal Plane Shutter • Located inside the camera body, directly in front of the film plane • Allows for faster shutter speeds (1/8000 sec.) • When using a flash, must use slower shutter speed

9. SHUTTER SPEED -Each shutter speed is marked as the bottom part of the fraction of a second that the shutter remains open 2 (1/2 second) 8 (1/8 second) Slower blurred motion Faster freezes motion *1/60 hand held -Each full stop shutter setting is half or double the time of the next one B (bulb) – shutter stays open as long as the release button is pushed down T (time) – opens the shutter with one press of the release, and closes with another

10. SHUTTER SPEED Slow shutter speed Fast shutter speed

11. SLOW SHUTTER SPEED

12. FAST SHUTTER SPEED

13. SHUTTER SPEED • Panning • During the exposure, the camera is moved in the same direction as the subject. • Resulting in a reasonably sharp subject and a blurred background

14. APERTURE Each f/stop number can be though of as the bottom part of a fraction The larger the f/stop number, the smaller the lens opening f/11 is a smaller opening than f/4 Each full stop aperture setting allows half or double the amount of light as the next one f/1.4 f/2 f/2.8 f/4 f/5.6 f/8 f/11 f/16 f/22

15. APERTURE

16. APERTURE • The area from near to far in a scene that is acceptably sharp in a photograph

17. DEPTH OF FIELD • The smaller the aperture size, the more that a scene will be sharp from near to far (deep depth of field). • The larger the aperture size, the less that a scene will be sharp from near to far (shallow depth of field). • f/22 provides more depth of field than f/4

18. DEPTH OF FIELD

19. DEPTH OF FIELD

20. DEPTH OF FIELD Smaller aperture (f/22) Larger aperture (f/4) deep depth of field shallow depth of field

21. DEPTH OF FIELD Shallow Depth of Field Deep Depth of Field

22. SHUTTER and APERTURE • To get a correctly exposed picture, you need a combination of shutter speed and aperture • Each shutter speed lets in twice as much light as the next faster speed • 1/60 lets in 2x as much light as 1/125 • Each aperture setting lets in twice as much light as the next smaller opening (larger-numbered setting) • f/4 lets in 2x as much light as f/5.6

23. EXPOSURE

24. EXPOSURE F stop f/22 f/16 f/11 f/8 f/5.6 f/4 f/2.8 shutter speed 1/4 1/8 1/15 1/30 1/60 1/125 1/250

25. EQUIVALENT EXPOSURES

26. FOCAL LENGTH

27. FOCAL LENGTH