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A Study into the Factors Effecting Bee Mortality

Investigates bee population decline due to CCD, diseases, industrial agriculture, & climate change. Examines causes and discusses support measures. Highlights importance of bees in ecosystem.

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A Study into the Factors Effecting Bee Mortality

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  1. A Study into the Factors Effecting Bee Mortality By Rosie Flett

  2. Overview of presentation • Introduction • Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) • Diseases and Parasites • Industrial Agriculture • Climate Change • Discussion

  3. Introduction • Bees help pollinate 75% of all crops and 33% of food crops (Tirado et al., 2013) • Bee population decrease of 59% from 1985 to 2005 (Potts et al., 2010) • Commercial crop production is becoming increasingly dependent on managed pollinators, the majority being honeybees (Potts et al., 2010) • Aims -Understand the main factors causing bee population decline -Understand how human activity has contributed to this decline -Understand how we can support bee populations

  4. Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) • CCD is diagnosed when the hive is lacking adult worker bees (vanEngelsdorp et al., 2009) • 3 main suspects; diseases and parasites, industrial agriculture and climate change (Tirado et al,. 2013).

  5. Diseases and Parasites • Varroa mite - main cause for the colony losses in Europe. Varroa mites have spread almost worldwide. (Rosenkranz, 2010) • Nosema, parasitic fungal pathogen living in the digestive system of the bees. (Fera, 2017) • Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus (IAPV) is common in honey bee populations and strongly effects adult worker bees (de Miranda et al., 2010). Varroa mite on a bee

  6. Industrial Agriculture • Globally increasing pesticide levels (Köhler and Triebskorn, 2013) • Neonicotioids are systemic insecticides proven to effect bee populations(Tirado et al., 2013) • Neonicotinoids observed effects on bees (Tirado et al., 2013): -Impairment of navigating ability -Impairment of learning -Increased mortality, -Dysfunctional development

  7. Climate Change • Climate change affects temperature and bees have been observed moving upwards to colder temperatures (Ploquin et al., 2013), • Decreasing the amount of ideal bee habitat, adding even more strain to colonies (Goulson et al., 2015).

  8. Conclusion • Bees are a crucial part of our ecosystem. (Tirado et al., 2013), • CCD has unknown causes and is occurring at uncontrollable rates (Williams et al., 2010). • Many suggest that CCD is a combination of many factors (Chen et al., 2014). • Modern agriculture can indirectly effect and weaken bees, allowing infections and parasites to kill (Goulson et al., 2015)

  9. Thank you for watching. Any questions?

  10. References • Allsopp, M.H., de Lange, W.J., and Veldtman, R. 2008. Valuing Insect Pollination Services with Cost of Replacement. PLOS ONE. [Online]. 3(9). [Accessed 21 January 2017]. Available from: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0003128 • Barroso, J.M. 2013. COMMISSION IMPLEMENTING REGULATION (EU) No 485. Official Journal of the European Union. [Online]. 139(12). [Accessed 22 January 2017]. Available from: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2013:139:0012:0026:EN:PDF • FeraScience Ltd. 2017. Pesticide Usage Survey Stats. [Online]. [Accessed 22 January 2017]. Available from: https://secure.fera.defra.gov.uk/pusstats/index.cfm • Fera Science Ltd. 2017. Bee Base, Nosema. [Online]. [Accessed 22 January 2017]. Available from: http://www.nationalbeeunit.com/index.cfm?pageid=191 • Goulson, D., Nicholls, E., Botias, C., Rotheray, E.L. 2013. Bee declines driven by combined stress from parasites, pesticides, and lack of flowers. Science. [Online]. 347(6229). [Accessed 23 January 2017]. Available from: http://0-science.sciencemag.org.wam.leeds.ac.uk/content/347/6229/1255957.full • Goulson, D. and Sparrow, K.R. 2009. Evidence for competition between honeybees and bumblebees; effects on bumblebee worker size. Journal of Insect Conservation. [Online]. 13(2), pp. 177–181. [Accessed 23 January 2017]. Available from: http://0-link.springer.com.wam.leeds.ac.uk/article/10.1007%2Fs10841-008-9140-y • Guzman-Novoa, E., Eccles, L., Calvete, Y., Mcgowan, J., Kelly, P.G., Correa-Benitez, A. 2010. Varroa destructor is the main culprit for the death and reduced populations of overwintered honey bee (Apismellifera) colonies in Ontario, Canada. Apidologie. [Online]. 41(4), pp.443-450. [Accessed 23 January 2017]. Available from: http://www.apidologie.org/articles/apido/pdf/2010/04/m09037.pdf • Jones, C. 2009. Interdisciplinary Approach - Advantages, Disadvantages, and the Future Benefits of Interdisciplinary Studies. ESSAI. [Online]. 7(26), pp.76-81. [Accessed 3 January 2017]. Available from: http://dc.cod.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1121&context=essai • Köhler, H.R and Triebskorn, R. 2013. Wildlife Ecotoxicology of Pesticides: Can We Track Effects to the Population Level and Beyond? Science. [Online]. 341(6147), pp. 759-765. [Accessed 22nd January]. Available from: http://0-science.sciencemag.org.wam.leeds.ac.uk/content/341/6147/759

  11. References • Noleppa, S., and Hahn, T. 2013. The value of Neonicotinoid seed treatment in the European Union. HFFA Working Paper. [Online]. [Accessed 22 January 2017]. Available from: http://www.hffa.info/files/wp_1_13_1.pdf • Ploquin, E.G., Herrera, J.M., Obeso, J.R. 2013. Bumblebee community homogenization after uphill shifts in montane areas of northern Spain. Oecologia. [Online]. 143(4), pp.1649-1660. [Accessed 23 January 2017]. Available from http://0-link.springer.com.wam.leeds.ac.uk/article/10.1007%2Fs00442-013-2731-7 • Potts, S.G., Biesmeijer, J.C., Kremen, C., Neumann, P., Schweiger, O., and Kunin, W.E. 2010. Global pollinator declines: trends, impacts and drivers. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. [Online]. 25(6), pp. 345–353. [Accessed 7 January 2017]. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169534710000364 • Rosenkranz, P., Aumeier, P., and Ziegelmann, B. 2010. Biology and control of Varroa destructor. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. [Online]. 103, pp. S96-S119. [Accessed 22 January 2017]. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022201109001906 • Tirado R., Simon G., Johnston P. (2013) A review of factors that put pollinators and agriculture in Europe at risk. Greenpeace Research Laboratories Technical Report 01/2013. Greenpeace International. • vanEngelsdorp, D., Evans, J.D., Saegerman, C., Mullin, C., Haubruge, E., Nguyen, B.K., Frazier, M., Frazier, J., Cox-Foster, D., Chen, Y., Underwood, R., Tarpy, D.R., and Pettis, J.S. 2009. Colony Collapse Disorder: A Descriptive Study. PLOS ONE. [Online]. 4(8). [Accessed 22 January 2017]. Available from: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0006481 • Whittington, R. and Winston, M.L. 2003. Effects of Nosemabombi and its treatment fumagillin on bumble bee (Bombusoccidentalis) colonies. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. [Online]. 84(1), pp. 54-58. [Accessed 22 January 2017]. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002220110300123X • Williams, G.R., Tarpy, D.R., vanEngelsdorp, D. Chauzat, M.P., Cox-Foster, D.L., Delaplane, K.S., Neumann, P., Pettis, J.S., Rogers, R.E.L., and Shutler, D. 2010. Colony Collapse Disorder in context. BioEssays. [Online]. 32(10), pp.845-846. [Accessed 22 January 17]. Available from: http://0-onlinelibrary.wiley.com.wam.leeds.ac.uk/doi/10.1002/bies.201000075/full

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