Quoting and Paraphrasing

1. Quoting and Paraphrasing Source: Contributed by Hinds Professor Leah Speights Q/P: Pages 460-479 in LB BriefExample Paper: Pages 526-530 in LB Brief

2. KNOW YOUR REQUIREMENTS • 3+ outside sources no older than 2008 • 3+ pieces of source info used in the paper with citations. 2 of the 3 must be paraphrases. • You must cite the author and page number each time you quote or paraphrase, even if the material is from a Web source. • You must include a works cited page. • If the books conflicts with my directions, go by my directions.

3. Know Where to Put Source Material • Never put source material at the beginning or end of a paragraph. Quotes and paraphrases always go in the middle of paragraphs. • Always comment on the source material. Don’t just expect the material to explain itself.

4. Choose Appropriate Source Material Straight information: facts, statistics, research • Specific facts or statistics. Example: “In Neilsen//NetRatings for October 2006, nine of the top ten sites for 12- to 17-year-olds offered content or support tools for social networking.” • Information gathered from research. Example: “Studies at Stanford University, for instance, suggest that people who claim to be adept multitaskers are, in fact, easily distractible – too ready to turn attention away from useful information at hand in favor of other stimuli that are novel.”

5. Choose Appropriate Source Material Interpretation: Experts, Critics, Journalists, Individuals • Analysis from an expert. Example of a quote from Gary Small, a UCLA psychiatrist: “We have a generation of digital natives with very strong techno-skills . . . But they’re not developing the face-to-face human contact skills.” • Analysis from a critic. Example from English professor Mark Bauerlein’sThe Dumbest Generation: “Instead of opening adolescents and young adults to wordly realities . . . digital communications have opened them to one another.”

6. Do I Quote or a Paraphrase the Material? Quote Interpretation Paraphrase Straight Info Quotes signal importance and authority. Quotes should be memorable. The author should explain the point so well and clearly that you couldn’t paraphrase it. Nothing is lost by putting facts, statistics, and research results into your own words. Task: Pick two pieces of information from your sources, including one to quote and one to paraphrase.

7. Direct Quotations • Direct Quotes use quotation marks and repeat word-by-word from the original source. • All direct quotations have 3 parts: • Lead-in  introduces who is speaking or other info • Quotation  gives the exact words in quotes • Citation  references the author and page number • Example: In his book The Dumbest Generation professor Mark Bauerlein argues, “Instead of opening adolescents and young adults to wordly realities . . . digital communications have opened them to one another” (136).

8. 2 Kinds of Direct Quotation Separated Integrated Comma or colon and quotation marks separate the lead-in and the quotation. The first letter of the quotation is always capitalized. No punctuation except quotation marks separates the lead-in and the quotation. The first letter of the quotation is not capitalized.

9. Examples of the 2 Kinds of Quotes • Separated: In his book The Dumbest Generation professor Mark Bauerlein argues, “Instead of opening adolescents and young adults to wordly realities . . . digital communications have opened them to one another” (136). • Integrated: Gary Small, a UCLA psychiatrist, believes younger people are “not developing the face-to-face human contact skills” (qtd. in Greenblatt 778).

10. Creating a Separated Lead-in • Option 1: Give the full name of the author or speaker, explain who s/he is, use an introductory verb, and add a comma after the verb. Be sure to use a suitable introductory verb in the present tense. See p. 467 in LB Brief for suggested verbs. Example: Sherry Turkle, an MIT professor who studies technology’s effects on society, observes, “Professors find that students do not understand that in a democracy, privacy is a right, not merely a privilege” (B26).

11. Creating a Separated Lead-in • Option 2: Give the full name of the author or speaker, explain who s/he is, create a sentence setting up the quotation, and add a colon. Example: Technology writer Nicholas Carr argues that constant internet use has negatively affected learning habits: “The problem is that skimming is becoming our dominant mode of thought. Once a means to an end, a way to identify information for further study, it’s becoming an end in itself – our preferred method of both learning and analysis” (5). Task: Set up separated lead-ins using option 1 and option 2 for your source material.

12. Creating an Integrated Lead-in • Option 1: Give the full name of the author or speaker, explain who s/he is, and add some information about the topic so that the quotation flows naturally from the lead-in. You can often do this by replacing the comma with the word “that.” Example: Gary Small, a UCLA psychiatrist, believes younger people are “not developing the face-to-face human contact skills” (qtd. in Greenblatt 778).

13. Creating an Integrated Lead-in • Option 2: Give some information about the topic that allows the quotation to flow naturally from the lead-in without any information about the speaker or author. Example: Some researchers assert that constant multitasking is essentially “training our brains to pay attention to the crap” over more important information and ideas (qtd. in Carr 5). Task: Set up integrated lead-ins using option 1 and option 2 for your source material.

14. Creating a Lead-in continued . . . • After you have introduced the author for the first time, you may refer to him/her by last name only. • If you have already mentioned the name of the source or where it was published, you do not need to repeat this information. • Example: Turkle also believes that “the culture in which our children are raised is increasingly a culture of presentation” (B26).

15. Mistakes With Lead-ins: Did You Make These Errors? • Putting the lead-in at the middle or end. Dumped Quote! (The book says otherwise, but I want to see you create upfront lead-ins.) Ex: “Video games turn out to be amazing for the brain,” Lehrer says. “They’re like doing pushups for the brain” (qtd in Greenblatt 778). Solution: Use ellipses. Ellipses are three dots that indicate you’ve taken out material to make the quote read more smoothly. Corrected: Technology writer and blogger Jonah Lehrer cites several recent studies when he suggests, “Video games turn out to be amazing for the brain . . . They’re like doing pushups for the brain” (qtd. in Greenblatt 778).

16. Mistakes With Lead-ins • Creating comma splices. Letter grade deduction!Ex: Bauerlein does admit that younger generations are better in some ways, “Teens and young adults harbor fewer stereotypes and social prejudices” (9). Solution: Create a lead-in sentence with a colon instead of a lead-in phrase with a comma.Ex: Bauerlein does admit that younger generations are better in some ways: “Teens and young adults harbor fewer stereotypes and social prejudices” (9).

17. Rules for Quotes Within Quotes Situation: You want to use the words of a person quoted within the source. 1. Introduce the name and some information about the person you are quoting in the lead-in. 2. Use the notation “qtd. in” before the author’s name in the citation. Example: Gary Small, a UCLA psychiatrist, believes younger people are “not developing the face-to-face human contact skills” (qtd. in Greenblatt 778).

18. Rules for Quotes Within Quotes Situation: You want to use the words of someone quoted within the source and some other information not in his/her quotation. 1. Follow the same rules as the previous situation. 2. Start with double quotation marks and add single quotation marks around the internal quotation.Example: Professor David Levy worries “that the flood of information leaves people with no time to think . . . ‘We’re just not allowing ourselves sufficiently the time to do deeper reflection’” (qtd. in Greenblatt 778).

19. A Warning about Quotations • Never “dump” the quote. A dumped quotation is a quotation without a lead-in. Dumped Quote = Drop to a C at least! • Example: Many worry that the increased use of technology has decreased our ability to focus. “When we go online, we enter an environment that promotes cursory reading, hurried and distracted thinking and superficial learning” (qtd. in Greenblatt 778). • Why shouldn’t you dump the quote? 1. It makes your writing sound choppy. 2. Lead-ins provide authority, connect your ideas to each other, and help create analysis. Task: Add the quotations to the lead-ins. Punctuate correctly.

20. Parenthetical Citations Both paraphrases and direct quotations REQUIRE you to use parenthetical citations within the body of your paper. • Immediately following the quotation or paraphrase, create an open parenthesis mark. • Inside the parentheses, you will either: • give the author and page number if the author’s name isn’t in the lead-in • give only the page number if the author’s name is in the lead-in • End with a closing parenthesis mark and the period. • Note: For web sources without page numbers, use the page number listed on the printout. Remember that you must turn in a copy of all sources with both essay three and the research paper.

21. Parenthetical Citations: Examples • In his book The Dumbest Generation professor Mark Bauerlein argues, “Instead of opening adolescents and young adults to wordly realities . . . digital communications have opened them to one another” (136). • Although the variety of information on the internet is helpful, many find that “to get at something valuable . . . often a user will have to dig through a great deal of extraneous material” (Greenblatt 779). • Gary Small, a UCLA psychiatrist, believes younger people are “not developing the face-to-face human contact skills” (qtd. in Greenblatt 778). • The Governors Highway Safety Association encourages states to “ban text messaging for all drivers, electronic devices used for entertainment purposes with video screens that are within view of the driver and school bus drivers from text messaging or using electronic devices except in emergencies” (“Distracted Driving” 1). Task: Create the appropriate citation for your quotation.

22. Paraphrases • A paraphrase gives specific information from the source, but you use your own words and sentence style rather than those of the author. • All paraphrases must follow these guidelines: • Indicate that the information is from an outside source. Usually, this means creating a lead-in naming the author, speaker, source, or topic. • Do not use quotation marks. • Accurately and completely write the information in your own words and using your own sentence structure. Paraphrases are about the same length as the source. • Give a citation. Citation rules are the same for both quotations and paraphrases.

23. Tips for Effective Paraphrasing • For numbers, do the following. See examples #1 and #2. • Change percentages to fractions and vice-versa. Ex: 25%  one-fourth • Round numbers with decimal points up or down. Ex: 8.5 hrs  over eight hours • Invert the numbers. Ex: 25% of respondents believe  75% of respondents do not believe • Move around the parts of the sentence. See example #3. • Change the emphasis of the sentence. See example #3. • Use the thesaurus sparingly. Don’t just replace every other word with a synonym. Don’t replace proper nouns such as names and places. See example #2.

24. Paraphrase Examples • Original Source: A pie chart showing the results of a January 2010 Kaiser Family Foundation study on “Media in the Lives of 8- to 18-Year-Olds.” The chart shows 25% of children’s recreational time online is on social networking sites. Cited in the Greenblatt article, page 777. • Paraphrase: According to the 2010 Kaiser Family Foundation study on media use in eight to eighteen year olds, young adults go to social networking sites for at least 25% of their online leisure time (Greenblatt 777).

25. Paraphrase Examples • Original Source: “According to a Ball State University study conducted last year, most Americans spent at least 8.5 hours per day looking at screens – a television, computer monitor or mobile phone, and frequently two or three at once.” (from “Impact of the Internet on Thinking” by Alan Greenblatt, page 775) • Paraphrase: A 2009 Ball State University study found that between television and media devices, Americans average over eight hours of screen time every day (Greenblatt 775).*Note: The only words not changed are words that cannot be changed: proper nouns like “Ball State University” and “Americans,” and words for which there is no substitute like “television” and “hours”

26. Paraphrase Examples • Original Source: “Research continues to show that people who read linear text comprehend more, remember more, and learn more than those who read text peppered with links.” (from “The Web Shatters Focus, Rewires Brain” by Nicholas Carr, p. 3) • Paraphrase: As technology writer Nicholas Carr explains, internet users who read online material with hyperlinks have more difficulty understanding and recalling information than those who read the same material without links (3). Task: Create a paraphrase from one of your sources. Don’t forget the parenthetical citation.

27. Common Paraphrase Errors • Misrepresenting the source. Make sure you understand the actual meaning of the material. • Adding your own interpretation into the paraphrase. Remember that the paraphrase is an objective description of the source. Wait until after the citation to give your analysis. • Plagiarism (accidental and intentional). Do not just replace a couple of words with synonyms. The thesaurus may help you start, but you must change the sentence structure too. • Leaving off a citation. Since paraphrases are ideas from the source, you must give credit to the author.

28. Examples of Plagiarism • Exact words lifted without using quotation marks  Gary Small, a UCLA psychiatrist, believes younger people are not developing the face-to-face human contact skills (qtd. in Greenblatt 778). • Quotation given without citation Gary Small, a UCLA psychiatrist, believes younger people are “not developing the face-to-face human contact skills.” • Paraphrase worded too closely to the original version  According to a Ball State University study, many Americans spent 8.5 hours per day looking at screens (Greenblatt 775). • Paraphrase worded too closely to the original and without in-text citation Many young people are not learning human contact skills.