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Chapter 11 Bureaucracy in a Democracy

Chapter 11 Bureaucracy in a Democracy. Bureaucracy Basics. Most private and public organizations are bureaucracies Means “rule by office or desk” A hierarchical organization design to accomplish policy goals/decisions. Basis for efficient, efficacious, operations

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Chapter 11 Bureaucracy in a Democracy

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  1. Chapter 11Bureaucracy in a Democracy

  2. Bureaucracy Basics • Most private and public organizations are bureaucracies • Means “rule by office or desk” • A hierarchical organization design to accomplish policy goals/decisions. • Basis for efficient, efficacious, operations • Public examples - USPS, DOD, DOT, FEMA, CDC

  3. Bureaucrats • Public bureaucracies usually draw criticism not praise. • Bureaucrats perform the day-to-day tasks of the federal government. • Bureaucrats — maintain a paper trail, — communicate, — implement policy through rulemaking, — adjudicate disputes.

  4. 1789 - State, Tres, War and Justice 1849 - Interior 1889 - Agriculture 1913 - Commerce and Labor 1953 - HHS 1965 - HUD 1966 - DOT 1977 - Energy 1989 - VA 2003 - Home Land Security Growth of the Federal Bureaucracy • 1800 - 2000 employees • 1900 - 250,000 employees • 1945 - 4 million employees • 2002 - 2.7 million employees About 3,000 appointed by President

  5. Federal Agencies and Their Respective Numbers of Civilian Employees

  6. Government Employment at Federal, State, and Local Levels

  7. Federal Bureaucracy As a % of Total Workforce

  8. Ethnic Makeup

  9. Types of Bureaucracies • Executive Office of President • Executive Departments • Independent Agencies • Independent Regulatory Commissions • Government Corporations

  10. Organization Chart of the Federal Government

  11. Cabinet Departments • Fifteen Departments • Three Layered Levels • Secretary and Deputy • Undersecretaries • Bureau Level Service Agencies

  12. Independent Agencies • Bureaucratic agency not included in cabinet department headed by single individual • CIA • NASA • General Services Administration (GSA) • Small Business Administration (SBA) • National Science Foundation (NSF)

  13. Independent Regulatory Commissions • Agency outside the cabinet headed by a commission regulating a specific industry or economic activity • Interstate Commerce Commission • abolished in 1995 • Civil Aeronautics Board • abolished in 1985 • Securities and Exchange Commission • Federal Communications Commission

  14. Government Corporations • Government agency run like a business so as to operate on self created revenue not taxes. • USPS • National Railroad Passenger Corp (Amtrak) • FDIC

  15. Bureaucrats - Civil Servants • “Government by Gentleman” • Jacksonian “spoils system” • party loyalists and campaign staff • The Civil Service System is based on merit and replaced the spoils system with the Civil Service Reform Act - 1883 • Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 • Includes the OPM (in EOP) and a Merit Pay System with tenure and appointments. • Whistle-blower protection

  16. Controlling the Bureaucracy • Presidents Power • Congresses Role • Special Interest Groups • Courts

  17. Presidents Power Has limits • Article II, Section 3 “ ..he shall take care that the laws are faithfully executed….” • Size and Diversity make it a challenging task • 1.7 million employees in cabinet departments • 1.0 million employees in independent agencies • Commitment to specialty not President • Budget process can be as a control tool

  18. Congress and Bureaucracy • Congress creates agencies through legislative process • Can control the conduct of the federal bureaucracy through appointment confirmations, oversight and the appropriations process. • Oversight research tools • GAO, CBO, CRS • Republican staff cuts in late 90s caused reductions in oversight

  19. Termination • Termination is the only certain way to reduce the size of the bureaucracy. • Become very politicized and parochial • Because of clientele relationships, it is practically impossible toterminate an agency.

  20. Devolution • Devolution is a policy of removing programs from federal control and placing them under the direction of state and local governments. • Problems with unequal assumption of responsibilities by states.

  21. Privatization • Privatization is the process of removing all or part of a program from the public sector and turning its operation over to the private sector. • Bush wants to move 850,000 federal jobs to the private sector.

  22. Special Interest Groups • Lobbying • Going public • grassroots and issue advocacy • Litigation • Iron Triangle

  23. Three Iron Triangles

  24. Courts • Judicial review of constitutionality • Procedural fairness - groups must be given notice to comment on new rules and procedures. • Interpreting practices - rules are reasonable in light of available evidence.

  25. Regulation Types • Economic - shape/limit industry or business practices • Social • Regulatory quasi -legislative • Regulatory quasi-judicial

  26. Regulation Process Constitution Congress President Laws Agencies Individuals or Businesses Code of Regulations

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