Chapter 13 A: Jacksonian Democracy

1. Chapter 13 A: Jacksonian Democracy

2. Era of Good Feeling ENDS • Corrupt Bargain (1824) Ends the Era of good Feelings (emergence of political strife) Jackson (Republican) Crawford (Republican) Clay (Republican) (architect of the American System / Speaker of the House) Q. Adams (Republican) *John C. Calhoun appeared as Vice President for Both Adams and Jackson Story: Electoral College was not won and the popular vote went to Jackson (followed by Quincy Adams, Crawford then Clay) Henry Clay (Speaker of the House) (12th Amendment) had to appoint from the top 2 vote getters Clay Appoints Quincy Adams as President Clay and Jackson (both Westerners) did not like each other Appearance: John Quincy Adams “BRIBED” Henry Clay and angry Jacksonians claimed Quincy Adams Stole the Presidency

3. John Quincy Adams as President:1824-1828 • eased up voting requirements (suffrage)/ enlarging the voting population *****BEFORE = ownership of land proved you could vote! So = Males can vote before 1824 ONLY if they owned land! • Left out: freed African Americans and women • Less requirements for voting = the ability for certain groups to express opinions! In turn – larger voter population ***** This fell into the lap of Andrew Jackson – since he was for the “commoner or the poor statesman” Success in 1828 for Jackson - 1828 election is considered the first Modern Presidency Election (kissing babies and shaking hands). Adams was reserved and cold-hearted…Jackson was the opposite

4. Presidential Race of 1828 • Temporarily united the Republicans • National Republicans vs. Democratic-Republicans Jackson’s Platform: “Reform” the dishonesty of the Adams presidency Most Significant Change: More Western States are becoming Politically active as Compared to previous elections where the Northern and Southern States were as active Jackson claims South and West J.Q. Adams claims the “Old” Northeast Jackson – 178 J.Q. Adams – 83 Adams – appeared dishonest Jackson – Sweeper of change Rachel Jackson: wife of Jackson (died a month after Jackson’s victory) - Married before, divorce was not granted, political wildfire (seen as an adulteress)

5. Jackson as President in 1828 THE SPOILS SYSTEM “OLD HICKORY” – nicknamed due to his sturdiness, loyalty, and roughness *********SPOILS SYSTEM******** • to throw out former appointees and replace them with personal friends! (from Q. Adam’s presidency) • Support for Jackson – get a job! • “To the Victor Belong the Spoils” – meaning if you win the Presidency, you can do WHATEVER you want! • “kitchen cabinet” **** No longer an issue in the U.S because of the Pendleton Civil Service Act – most significant and pressured legislation Passed in the Gilded (corruption) age of American history. - P.C.A. = government jobs are based on a “MERIT system” Rationale / defense for the Spoils System: (1) People can approach the government (2) Assured loyalty to the president (3) Increases Party support (4) Little change is GOOD for the government

6. Rising Tariffs and South Carolina Exposition • Originally known as Madison’s Tariff of 1816, after years of raising this tariff, the South began to resent the North, the rich and the Federal government. • Daniel Webster – Northern supporter of the tariff • John C. Calhoun – Southern oppose of the tariff • Britain abolished slavery, and actually triggered the South to actually think about seceding the Union and using the tariff as an excuse South Carolina Exposition Secretly written by John C. Calhoun (VP of Andrew Jackson) – strengthened the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions! This pamphlet urgedNULLIFICATION Leads to what is known as the Nullification Crisis

7. Jackson and Congressional response to Nullification and S.C. Expo. • Andrew Jackson threatens to “HANG” Southern leaders if their people DO NOT pay into the Tariff (tax) / start war on his own Henry Clay’s Tariff Compromise (*)The “YANKEE Tariff” will DECREASE after 8 years (North gets what it wants now, but in the end, the South will feel the relief of tariff pressure) The Force Bill of 1833 (THE BLOODY BILL) Congress granted power to the president to use any force necessary to collect the “FEDERAL” tax from the South during this “Nullification Crisis”

8. Native American and White Settler Relationship Worcester V. Georgia (1832) Assimilation: bringing a less dominant culture into a more dominant culture. (time, money, effort, education, politics) Jackson’s views on assimilation: WILL NOT WORK!...Indians need to be FORCED west of the Mississippi River Cherokee Fight Back Worcester V. Georgia (1832) Story: GA tried to FORCE non- Indians off of Indian reservations (WITHOUT A LICENSE) Samuel Worcester (MISSIONARY) refused to move our of Georgia! (NO LICENSE) RESULT OF CASE: The court ruled that the Cherokee nation was a "distinct community" with self-government "in which the laws of Georgia can have no force." American Indian affairs are controlled by the NATIONAL GOVERNMENT and not the states Jackson’s thoughts on John Marshall’s decision “John Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it!”

9. 5 civilized tribes and Indian Removal • Cherokee • Creek • Choctaw • Chickasaw • Seminole Indian Removal Act (1832) - forced removal of American Indians into Oklahoma Indian removal (1832-1835) Trail of Tears famous trail from Georgia to Oklahoma (4,000 Indians of 15,000 died) Black Hawk War - Sauk and Fox tribes fight back while Seminoles escape to the everglades in Florida

11. BANK WAR Andrew Jackson held the common western view of a distrust in banks. Mainly, he distrusted the B.U.S., the Bank of the United States. Jackson's view was that the B.O.U.S. benefited the RICH to get richer at the poor's expense. The B.O.U.S. (Northern) minted "hard money" (actual metal money) Hard Money = stability The Southern farmers preferred "soft money" (paper money) that would lead to (1) inflation, and (2) make loans easier to pay off. Nicholas Biddle B.O.U.S. president carried out bank policies of • coining hard money • cracking down on western "wildcat banks" by calling in loans. Why does Jackson hate the B.O.U.S???? (1) Only helped the privileged (2) B.O.U.S. = unfair to state banks (3) Stockholders earned interest, not average taxpayer Clay and Webster USES Jackson as a PAWN - re charters the Bank in 1832, HOPING Jackson will react IF JACKSON VETOES: NORTH WILL BE ANGRY AND VOTE HIM BACK INTO OFFICE IN 1832 IF JACKSON SIGNS: SOUTH AND WEST WILL BE ANGRY BECAUSE HE APPEARS TO HAVE SOLD OUT TO THE RICH!!! Jackson’s Action to Bank of the U.S. – VETOES and claims “The Bank is trying to kill me, but I will kill it!” *** Initial steps to destroy the Bank of U.S. = Take deposits OUT and put them into “pet” or Wildcat banks (done while Congress was in recess)

12. 1832 Presidential Election Important Issues • Jackson is re elected • Emergence of the FIRST 3rd Party in American political history (Anti-Masonic) • After re election, Jackson begins taking out or withdrawing federal deposits in the B.O.U.S. and places them in “Pet Banks or Wildcat banks” • Due to the above, the Jacksonians (or Democratic-Republicans – which we just call Democrats today) • Whigs – separate, alternative political party that HATED Jackson (Did not like way he handled the bank issues) a) Disgruntled Jacksonians b) LOVED the American System, especially Internal Improvements, but the rich should pay for them, not the South!