Unit 6 Stress and Distress

1. Unit 6Stress and Distress • Recognizing Excessive Stress • Stress Related Behaviors • Helping Out a “Stressed-Out” Buddy • Personal Stress Management • Distress • Signs of Distress • Self-Rescue • Observable Surface Problems • Rescue • Effecting a Rescue

2. Recognizing Excessive Stress • Determining if you are under excessive stress: • Feelings generated by excessive stress:

3. Stress Related Behaviors • Gear-fumbling: • Blabbering: • Behavioral extremes: • Obsessive behavior:

4. Helping Out a “Stressed-Out” Buddy • If your buddy shows signs of stress: • Learn to listen.

5. Personal Stress Management • The best way to remove negative stress: • If stress does start to build before a dive:

6. Distress • When stress becomes distress:

7. Signs of Distress • Distress is obvious and observable. • Passive distress:

8. Self-Rescue • You are your own best buddy. • At the first hint of a problem:

9. Observable Surface Problems • A person in distress at the surface is in obvious, easily recognizable trouble. • The first task of the rescuer:

10. Underwater Signs of Distress/Impending Problems • Bubbles: • Buoyancy problems: • Erratic, jerky movement: • Trim problems: • Gear rejection:

11. Rescue • Is it safe to intervene?

12. Effecting a Rescue • Scenario for an unconscious victim:

13. Stress and DistressEnd of Unit 6 • Recognizing Excessive Stress • Stress Related Behaviors • Helping Out a “Stressed-Out” Buddy • Personal Stress Management • Distress • Signs of Distress • Self-Rescue • Observable Surface Problems • Rescue • Effecting a Rescue

14. Unit 7Dealing with Out of Air Situations • Prevention is everything • Self-rescue for an out-of-air emergency • Emergency swimming ascent • Emergency buoyant ascent • Extra air in an emergency • Shared air ascents • Mutual emergency planning • Alternate second stage air sharing • Redundant scuba ascent • Buddy breathing • Buddy breathing method • Problems with sharing air

15. Prevention is Everything • Monitoring your air: • Air consumption rate:

16. Self-Rescue for an Out of Air Emergency • Loss of buddy contact:

17. Emergency Swimming Ascent • NAUI Worldwide recommends:

18. Emergency Buoyant Ascent • From depths beyond 10-15 meters (30-45 feet):

19. Extra Air in an Emergency • Redundant scuba systems: • Spare air • Pony bottles

20. Shared Air Ascents • The concept of buddy pairs:

21. Mutual Emergency Planning • All effective buddy briefings must include: • Most emergency plans include: • Type of equipment chosen:

22. Alternate Second Stage Air Sharing • There is no “one correct method”. • Octopus: • BC-mounted integrated second stage:

23. Redundant Scuba Ascent • When a needy diver signals that air is needed:

24. Buddy Breathing • Once the standard for out of air emergencies.

25. Buddy Breathing Method • When a needy diver signals that air is needed:

26. Problems with Sharing Air • Physiological changes: • Use the eyes as the mirrors of the problem:

27. Dealing with Out of Air SituationsEnd of Unit 7 • Prevention is everything • Self-rescue for an out-of-air emergency • Emergency swimming ascent • Emergency buoyant ascent • Extra air in an emergency • Shared air ascents • Mutual emergency planning • Alternate second stage air sharing • Redundant scuba ascent • Buddy breathing • Buddy breathing method • Problems with sharing air

28. Unit 8Underwater Rescue • Responsibility vs. Duty • Risk Assessment • A Responsive Victim • An Unresponsive Victim • Underwater Panic • Warning Signs of Impending Panic • Is it Safe to Intervene? • Monitoring a Panicked Diver • Underwater Attack • A Final Note

29. Responsibility vs. Duty • As an SRD or ASRD, absent some pre-arranged, documented assumed burden of duty with another diver or divers, such as when acting in a well-defined position as a diving leader, you have no responsibility to risk yourself for another diver.

30. Risk Assessment • All rescues begin with a difficult question: • The next question is where is the buddy?

31. A Responsive Victim • Approach any diver in distress with extreme caution. • Once you decide to intervene:

32. An Unresponsive Victim • An unresponsive diver will drown without immediate assistance. • Steps to take:

33. Underwater Panic • Panic can strike any diver:

34. Warning Signs of Impending Panic • Seeing any diver struggling with equipment:

35. Is it Safe to Intervene? • If a diver is bolting to the surface:

36. Monitoring a Panicked Diver • Once you see the diver is out of control:

37. Underwater Attack • You should do whatever you must in order to break free:

38. A Final Note • There is little if anything you can do to prevent a panicked diver from getting to the surface quickly under most circumstances.

39. Underwater RescueEnd of Unit 8 • Responsibility vs. Duty • Risk Assessment • A Responsive Victim • An Unresponsive Victim • Underwater Panic • Warning Signs of Impending Panic • Is it Safe to Intervene? • Monitoring a Panicked Diver • Underwater Attack • A Final Note

40. Unit 9Diving Maladies • Pulmonary Barotrauma • Signs vs. Symptoms • Types of Lung Over-expansion Injuries • Understanding Decompression Sickness • Types of Decompression Sickness • Signs and Symptoms of Diving Maladies • Basic Principles of Neurological Assessment • Performing the Exam

41. Pulmonary Barotrauma • The reason divers are so vigorously taught to “never hold your breath”: • If breathing is interrupted during ascent:

42. Signs vs. Symptoms • Signs are observable. • Symptoms are felt.

43. Types of Lung Over-expansion Injuries • Subcutaneous Emphysema: • Mediastinal Emphysema: • Pneumothorax: • Arterial gas embolism (AGE):

44. Understanding Decompression Sickness • Decompression results from: • The damage caused: • Dive planning to reduce the risk of DCS:

45. Types of Decompression Sickness • “Skin bends”: • “Limb bends”: • “Neurological bends”: • “Inner ear bends”: • “Chokes”:

46. Signs and Symptoms of Diving Maladies • React immediately to the signs: • The trouble with symptoms: • Dealing with denial: • Neurological assessment:

47. Basic Principles of Neurological Assessment • What to do:

48. Performing the Exam • Following a check list:

49. Diving Maladies End of Unit 9 • Pulmonary Barotrauma • Signs vs. Symptoms • Types of Lung Over-expansion Injuries • Types of Decompression Sickness • Understanding Decompression Sickness • Signs and Symptoms of Diving Maladies • Basic Principles of Neurological Assessment • Performing the Exam

50. Unit 10Treatment of Diving Maladies • Why Oxygen? • Handling Oxygen • Types of O2 Delivery Systems • Recompression Therapy:The Necessary Second Step