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Research in Biomedicine and Health – I

Research in Biomedicine and Health – I. Day 2 Lecture Structure of the scientific paper. Research paper: S tructure is everything. I ntroduction What did I want to do ? M ethod How did I do it ? R esults What did I find ? A nd D iscussion What might it mean ?.

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Research in Biomedicine and Health – I

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  1. Researchin Biomedicine and Health – I Day 2 Lecture Structure of the scientific paper

  2. Research paper: Structure is everything Introduction What did I want to do? Method How did I do it? Results What did I find? And Discussion What might it mean?

  3. Title – Definition • A highlycondensedversionofyourabstract • Irreduciblenumberoftermsneeded to accuratelydescribethecontentofthepaper

  4. Title – Types • Indicative • Maintenancetreatmentof major depressionin old age: randomizedcontrolledtrial • Informative • Two-yearmainenancetherapywithparoxetinepreventsrecurrentdepressionin old age: randomizedcontroltrial

  5. Abstract Classical form Structured Aim Method Results Conclusions Objective Setting Participants Design Intervention Main outcome measures Results Conclusions

  6. Authors Byline

  7. 2001: 743 authors 743 autora

  8. 743 autora

  9. 743 autora

  10. 743 autora

  11. 743 autora

  12. 743 autora

  13. 2010: 2080 authors

  14. Structure of a scientific article: Introduction

  15. Structure of a scientific article: Methods • Like a recipe • For informed readers this is the most important section • Describe how subjects were selected and excluded • Don’t describe standard methods in detail - use references • Statistics • Ethics

  16. Structure of a scientific article: Methods Pediat Res 1972;6:26 Blood for analysis was taken from 48 informed and consenting subjects; their age was 6 months to 22 years.

  17. Structure of a scientific article: Results Figures and Tables should: • Add information • Save space • Be self-explanatory • Not be overloaded with numbers • or ink

  18. Results: Understanding numbers • Evidence-based guidelines: • Numbers should be kept to significant digits (except where absolutely necessary). • Fractions should be given with percents; raw numbers for small samples. • People don’t appreciate the magnitude of large numbers (greater than a million). • Roman numerals should be avoided, except for cranial nerves, clotting factors, and world wars.

  19. Manipulation of images - No specific feature within an image may be enhanced, obscured, moved, removed, or introduced. - Adjustments of brightness, contrast, or color balance are acceptable if they are applied to the whole image and as long as they do not obscure or eliminate any information present in the original. Nonlinear adjustments must be disclosed in the figure legend.

  20. Manipulation of images

  21. Manipulation of images

  22. Thanks to David Vaux, InternationalCouncil for Science

  23. Structure of a scientific article: Discussion

  24. Structure!! Introduction Method Results And Discussion

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