Sustainable Energy Options:

1. Sustainable Energy Options: Maintaining access to abundant fossil fuels Klaus S. Lackner Columbia University November 2007

2. Energy Environment Water Minerals Food Sustainable energy development is not about limiting access to energy • low cost, plentiful, and clean energy for all • Energy is central to sustainable growth • Energy can overcome all other limits

3. Norway USA Russia France UK China Brazil India $0.38/kWh (primary) Energy, Wealth, Economic Growth EIA Data 2002

4. IPCC Model Simulations of CO2 Emissions

5. Closing the Gap Plus Population Growth 1% energy intensity reduction Constant per capita growth 1.5% energy intensity reduction 2.0% energy intensity reduction

6. Lifting Cost Carbon as a Low-Cost Source of Energy US1990$ per barrel of oil equivalent Cumulative Carbon Consumption as of1997 Cumulative Gt of Carbon Consumed H.H. Rogner, 1997

7. Fossil fuels are fungible Coal Carbon Heat Diesel Shale Refining Electricity Jet Fuel Synthesis Gas Tar Ethanol Oil Methanol Natural Gas DME Hydrogen

8. The Challenge: Holding the Stock of CO2 constant Extension of Historic Growth Rates Constant emissions at 2010 rate 450 ppm 33% of 2010 rate 10% of 2010 rate 0% of 2010 rate 280 ppm

9. Methane Hydrates 10,000 - 100,000 GtC World Fossil Resource Estimate 8000 GtC 5 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 times current rate of emission???? 21st century emissions 4 3 2 1 The Mismatch in Carbon Sources and Sinks 1800 - 2000 Fossil Carbon Consumption to date 50% increase in biomass 180ppm increase in the air 30% of the Ocean acidified 30% increase in Soil Carbon

10. Solar Cost reduction and mass-manufacture Nuclear Cost, waste, safety and security Fossil Energy Zero emission, carbon storage and interconvertibility A Triad of Large Scale Options Markets will drive efficiency, conservation and alternative energy

11. Hydro-electricity Cheap but limited Biomass Sun and land limited, severe competition with food Wind Stopping the air over Colorado every day? Geothermal Geographically limited Tides, Waves & Ocean Currents Less than human energy generation Small Energy Resources

12. Net Zero Carbon Economy CO2 from distributed emissions CO2 from concentrated sources Capture from power plants, cement, steel, refineries, etc. Capture from air Permanent & safe disposal Geological Storage Mineral carbonate disposal

13. Dividing The Fossil Carbon Pie 900 Gt C total Past 10yr 550 ppm

14. Removing the Carbon Constraint 5000 Gt C total Past

15. Net Zero Carbon Economy CO2 from distributed emissions CO2 from concentrated sources Capture from power plants, cement, steel, refineries, etc. Capture from air Permanent & safe disposal Geological Storage Mineral carbonate disposal

16. Slow Leak (0.04%/yr) 2 Gt/yr for 2500 years Storage 5000 Gt of C 200 years at 4 times current rates of emission Current Emissions: 7Gt/year Storage Life Time

17. Underground Injection statoil

18. Gravitational TrappingSubocean Floor Disposal

19. Energy States of Carbon The ground state of carbon is a mineral carbonate Carbon 400 kJ/mole Carbon Dioxide 60...180 kJ/mole Carbonate

20. Rockville Quarry Mg3Si2O5(OH)4 + 3CO2(g)  3MgCO3 + 2SiO2 +2H2O(l) +63kJ/mol CO2

21. Bedrock geology GIS datasets – All U.S. (Surface area) 920 km2 8733 km2 Total = 9820 ±100 km2 166 km2

22. Belvidere Mountain, Vermont Serpentine Tailings

23. Oman Peridotite

24. Net Zero Carbon Economy CO2 from distributed emissions CO2 from concentrated sources Capture from power plants, cement, steel, refineries, etc. Capture from air Permanent & safe disposal Geological Storage Mineral carbonate disposal

25. Flue gas scrubbing MEA, chilled ammonia Oxyfuel Combustion Naturally zero emission Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle Difficult as zero emission AZEP Cycles Mixed Oxide Membranes Fuel Cell Cycles Solid Oxide Membranes Many Different Options

26. CO2 N2 H2O SOx, NOx and other Pollutants Zero Emission Principle Air Power Plant Carbon Solid Waste

27. Steam Reforming

28. Boudouard Reaction

29. C + O2 CO2 no change in mole volume entropy stays constant G = H 2H2 + O2  2H2O large reduction in mole volume entropy decreases in reactants made up by heat transfer to surroundings G < H Carbon makes a better fuel cell

30. CO2 Membrane O2- O2- O2- O2- CO2 CO2 PCO2 Phase I: Solid Oxide Phase II: Molten Carbonate High partial pressure of CO2 CO32- CO32- CO32- CO32- Low partial pressure of CO2 Jennifer Wade

31. Net Zero Carbon Economy CO2 extraction from air CO2 from concentrated sources Permanent & safe disposal

32. gasoline hydrogen Electrical, mechanical storage Batteries etc. Relative size of a tank

33. Energetics limits options Work done on air must be small compared to heat content of carbon 10,000 J/m3 of air No heating, no compression, no cooling Low velocity 10m/s (60 J/m3) Challenge: CO2 in air is dilute Solution: Sorbents remove CO2 from air flow

34. Air CO2 CO2 Capture from Air 1 m3of Air 40 moles of gas, 1.16 kg wind speed 6 m/s 0.015 moles of CO2 produced by 10,000 J of gasoline Volumes are drawn to scale

35. Air Capture: Collection & Regeneration Ion exchange resin as sorbent, regeneration with humidity 1 2 • Collection • Natural wind carries CO2 through collector • CO2 binds to surface of proprietary sorbent materials • Regeneration • CO2 is recovered with: • low-temperature water vapor • plus optional low-grade heat • Regenerated solid sorbent is reused over and over for years

36. Collecting CO2 with Synthetic Trees From Technology Validation to Market-Flexible Products to Scalable Global Solutions GRT Pre-Prototype Air Capture Modules - 2007 Current GRT Development Mass-Manufactured Air Capture Units Courtesy GRT* *K. S. Lackner is a member of GRT

37. Life Cycle contributions are small Energy consumption dominates 50kJ of mechanical energy per mole of CO2 Gasoline releases 700 kJ of heat per mole CO2 balance is excellent Coal plant would release 30% of captured CO2 Plant consumes saltwater, produces fresh water 10 tons of saltwater consumed per ton of CO2 1 ton of fresh water produced per ton of CO2 Carbon, Water & Energy Balance

38. Much larger collector Similar sorbent recovery Cost is in the sorbent recovery Comparison to Flue Stack Scrubbing

39. Hydrogen or Air Extraction? Coal,Gas Fossil Fuel Oil Hydrogen Gasoline Distribution Distribution Cost comparisons Consumption Consumption CO2 Transport Air Extraction CO2 Disposal

40. How much wind?(6m/sec) Wind area that carries 10 kW 0.2 m 2 for CO2 80 m 2 for Wind Energy Wind area that carries 22 tons of CO2 per year 50 cents/ton of CO2 for contacting

41. Sorbent Choices 350K 300K Air Power plant

42. CO2 CO2 H2 H2 CH2 Materially Closed Energy Cycles O2 O2 Energy Source Energy Consumer H2O H2O

43. O Oxygen Oxidizer Free O2 CO2 H2O Combustion products Increasing Oxidation State Free C- H CO Town Gas Methanol Fischer Tropsch Synthesis Gas Fuels Biomass Ethanol Coal Petroleum Natural Gas H C Carbon Benzene Methane Hydrogen Gasoline Increasing Hydrogen Content

44. O Oxygen Oxidizer Free O2 CO2 H2O Combustion products Increasing Oxidation State Free C- H CO Town Gas Methanol Fischer Tropsch Synthesis Gas Fuels Biomass Ethanol Coal Petroleum Natural Gas H C Carbon Benzene Methane Hydrogen Gasoline Increasing Hydrogen Content

45. O Oxygen Oxidizer Free O2 CO2 H2O Combustion products Increasing Oxidation State Free C- H CO Town Gas Methanol Fischer Tropsch Synthesis Gas Fuels Biomass Ethanol Coal Petroleum Natural Gas H C Carbon Benzene Methane Hydrogen Gasoline Increasing Hydrogen Content

46. Fischer Tropsch:-- Connecting Sources to Carriers-- Carriers to Consumers Carbon Fossil Gasoline Heat Diesel Nuclear Refining Jet Fuel Electricity Synthesis Gas Solar Ethanol Biomass CO2 Methanol Chemicals Wind , Hydro DME Hydrogen Geo

47. CCS simplifies Carbon Accounting Ultimate cap is zero Finite amount of carbon left Air Capture Can turn the clock back Maintain access to liquid hydrocarbons Close the carbon cycle Carbon Capture and StorageforCarbon Neutral World

48. Private Sector Carbon Extraction Farming, Manufacturing, Service, etc. Carbon Sequestration Certified Carbon Accounting Public Institutions and Government guidance Carbon Board certification Permits & Credits certificates