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Renewable / Alternative / Sustainable Energy : Analyzing the options

Carbon Sequestration By means of Ocean Iron Fertilization Igal Levine, Alon Henson and Yotam Asscher. Renewable / Alternative / Sustainable Energy : Analyzing the options. June 2010. What is Ocean Iron Fertilization?. Could this be a solution ?. Introduction.

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Renewable / Alternative / Sustainable Energy : Analyzing the options

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  1. Carbon Sequestration By means of Ocean Iron Fertilization Igal Levine, Alon Henson and Yotam Asscher Renewable / Alternative / Sustainable Energy : Analyzing the options June 2010

  2. What is Ocean Iron Fertilization? Could this be a solution ? Introduction Carbon sequestration by means of Ocean Iron Fertilization

  3. Goals Perform a CO2 emissionsanalysis to Ocean Iron Fertilization (OIF). Examine the global potential of Ocean Iron Fertilization Introduction Carbon sequestration by means of Ocean Iron Fertilization

  4. Methodology Life Cycle Analysis Introduction Carbon sequestration by means of Ocean Iron Fertilization

  5. Iron Life cycle scheme CO2 Analysis Carbon sequestration by means of Ocean Iron Fertilization

  6. Fe/C molar ratio How much Iron is needed per Carbon? Value used in LCA : 4x10-4 , From the subantartic ocean Directions Mesoscale Iron Enrichment Experiments 1993-2005: Synthesis and Future P. W. Boyd, et al. Science 315, 612 (2007) Introduction Carbon sequestration by means of Ocean Iron Fertilization

  7. Iron ore production Journal of Cleaner Production Volume 18, Issue 3, February 2010, Pages 266-274 Value used in LCA : 10 kg CO2e/ton CO2 Analysis Carbon sequestration by means of Ocean Iron Fertilization

  8. Pretreatment - From Iron ore to Iron sulphate But what about the process? CO2 Analysis Carbon sequestration by means of Ocean Iron Fertilization

  9. Modeling the process Fe2O3 + 4SiO2 + 11C → 2FeSi2 + 11CO CO2 e [kg] Specific Energy Overall reaction energy 1.6x103[kJ/mole] 2.9x107[kJ/ton] 8.7x103 Overall ferrosilicon production 2.2x104[kg CO2 e] Reaction / Production 40% Overallpretreatment 1.3x103x2.5=3.2x103 [kg CO2 e] CO2 Analysis 9 Carbon sequestration by means of Ocean Iron Fertilization

  10. Transportation Value used in this LCA : 36g CO2e/ton-km CO2 Analysis Carbon sequestration by means of Ocean Iron Fertilization

  11. Transportation Transportation distance : 10,000km CO2 Analysis Carbon sequestration by means of Ocean Iron Fertilization

  12. CO2 Balance Quantity of Iron 1 ton Transportation distance 10,000 km Production Transportation Pretreatment Total 10 [kg CO2] 3.6x102[kg CO2] 3.2x103 [kg CO2] 3.6x103 [kg CO2] CO2 Sequestered [kg] 2x106 CO2 sequestered / CO2 emitted ~ 103 CO2 Analysis Carbon sequestration by means of Ocean Iron Fertilization

  13. Global Potential of Ocean Iron Fertilization • Upper Limit of ocean carbon uptake • Phosphate and Iron demand for ocean iron fertilization Global potential Carbon sequestration by means of Ocean Iron Fertilization

  14. What will be the best location for Ocean Iron Fertilization? GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES, VOL. 14, NO. 3, PAGES 957-977, SEPTEMBER 2000 Global potential Carbon sequestration by means of Ocean Iron Fertilization

  15. How much carbon can we sequester up to 2100? Phosphorous net annual production in Southern oceans 6.6x1011mole of Phosphorous Phosphorous available until 2100 assuming linear correlation 6.0x1013moles of Phosphorous Redfield molar ratio for carbon : phosphorous 1 Carbon : 106 Phosphorous Carbon sequestration until 2100 6x1015moles of carbon Global potential Carbon sequestration by means of Ocean Iron Fertilization

  16. How much Iron will we need? Global maximum uptake of CO2 – theoretical model (Caldeira 2010) 6x1015 moles of CO2 Amount of Iron needed for maximum theoretical uptake 1.4x108 ton Global amount of Iron production per year (2007) 1.1x109 ton Global amount of Iron production until 2100 1.0x1011 ton Iron needed / Iron production 0.1% CO2 emitted due to fertilization process 5.1x1011 Kg = 1.2x1013 moles of CO2 Journal of Climatic Change “Can ocean iron fertilization mitigate ocean acidification?” L. Cao, K. Caldeira 2010 Global potential Carbon sequestration by means of Ocean Iron Fertilization

  17. A big improvement? change in atmosphere and/or ocean carbon storage is relative to the pre-industrial values 2.8x1017g =6x1015moles of CO2 Journal of Climatic Change “Can ocean iron fertilization mitigate ocean acidification?” L. Cao, K. Caldeira 2010 Global potential Carbon sequestration by means of Ocean Iron Fertilization

  18. Summary LCA of iron fertilization shows that carbon emitted in the process of fertilization is ~1000 times less than the carbon sequestered by fertilization between the years 2008-2100 (Caldeira). The estimates done in the LCA were done using the most stringent Fe/C uptake ratio, hence in terms of CO2 emissions, the process is favorable. Further research should be done in order to asses the ecological impact of iron fertilization in the southern ocean. (Acidification of deep ocean, Nutrient depletion) OIF reduces atmospheric concentration but does not eliminate the CO2 problem. Summary Carbon sequestration by means of Ocean Iron Fertilization

  19. The end… • Questions? Acknowledgments Prof. David Cahen Dr. Ron Milo Alon Shepon Prof. Uri Pick Dr. Hezi Gildor Summary Carbon sequestration by means of Ocean Iron Fertilization

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