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Earthquakes and Volcanoes. Bell Work 12/9/10. Turn on computers Notes today. Rest of this week and next. Wednesday (12-8-10)- Slides 1-6 and handout science fair packets and talk about it Thursday (12-9-10) - Complete slides 7-12 and start B/F/F scenario
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Bell Work 12/9/10 Turn on computers Notes today
Rest of this week and next • Wednesday (12-8-10)- Slides 1-6 and handout science fair packets and talk about it • Thursday (12-9-10) - Complete slides 7-12 and start B/F/F scenario • Friday (12-10-10)- Complete B/F/F Scenario • Monday (12-13-10)- B/F/F Scenario is due and complete study guide • Tuesday (12-14-10)- Go to library for science fair • Wednesday- 15 mins: just over study guide answers • Thursday - opportunity to work on their science fair project and/or study for upcoming exams. • Friday: Final exam 1:18-3:05
Earthquakes Earthquake – is the shaking and trembling that results from the sudden movement of part of the Earth’s crust. Tsunamis – A giant sea wave produced by an earthquake.
Seismic Waves Focus – The point beneath the Earth’s surface where the rocks break and move, the underground origin of the earthquake. Epicenter – The point directly above the focus, on the earth’s surface where the origin of an earthquake is above ground.
Faults- Once the elastic limit of rocks is passed, they break and move along surfaces. • 3 types of faults are: • Normal Fault- These form at divergent boundaries. • Reverse Fault- These form at convergent boundaries. • Strike-Slip Fault- These form at transform boundaries.
Seismic waves – earthquake waves. *Three types. 1. Primary waves (P-waves) – arrive at a given point before any other type of seismic wave. Will pass through solid, liquid and gas.(fastest of the three) 2. Secondary Waves (S-waves) – arrive at a given point after the P wave. (second fastest) Will only travel thru solids. Will NOT pass through liquids and gases thus creating a shadow zone.
3. Surface waves (L-waves) – slowest moving seismic waves. Arrives last.
Seismograph – is an instrument that detects and measures seismic waves. Seismogram – is the record of waves. (paper record) Seismologists – scientists who study earthquakes. Richter scale – calculation of the strength or magnitude of an earthquake. For every 1 point rise 30 times the energy is released. Magnitude - Height of a line traced on a seismogram.
Liquefaction – Shaking up of wet soil making it unstable. This causes surface object to sink. Earthquake preparedness – Tie down heavy objects, take objects off of high shelves. Build on an earthquake proof foundation. Have a plan and emergency items.
Volcanoes Volcano – the place in the Earth’s surface through which magma and other materials reach the surface. Magma – rock that exists as a hot liquid deep within the earth. Lava – is magma that reaches the Earth’s surface.
Vent – an opening from which lava erupts. Crater – Steep walled depression around a volcano’s vent. Hot Spot – Hot rock that is a result of unusually hot areas in the mantle and core where volcanoes form on the Earth’s surface. Hawaii is the result of a hot spot.
Lava flows • Basaltic – Is lava that contains a lot of water and rich in iron and magnesium. Thin and quiet eruptions. • Granitic - this lava contains very little water and is rich in silicon and aluminum. Thick heavy lava causing gases to trap underneath producing large violent eruptions.
Composite Volcanoes – are made of alternating layers of rock particles and lava. Violent eruptions followed by quiet lava flows are the reasoning for the alternating layers.
Caldera – A roughly circular, steep-sided pit at the top of a volcanic cone whose diameter is at least three times its depth.
Andesitic - is a combination of both granitic and basaltic lava flows (quieter than granitic but more violent than basaltic). Gas filled lava – This lava cools to form hole filled rock that has the appearance of a sponge or loaf of bread. This rock type is typically light in weight. Pumice and scoria are examples of this type of igneous rock.
Tephra – bits of rock or solidified lava dropped from the air. Volcanic Dust – Is fragments of rock that are blown into the air during a volcanic eruption. (very small particles) Volcanic Ash – Is particles blown into the air from a volcano that are bigger than volcanic dust yet smaller than anything else.
Volcanic Bombs – Are large rock particles that are blown out during a volcanic eruption. • Volcanic cinders – are smaller volcanic bombs.
Cinder cone volcano – Volcanoes made mostly of cinders and other rock particles that have been blown into the air. Narrow bases with steep sides due to loosely arranged cinder type eruptions.
Shield volcano – Volcanoes composed of quiet lava flows. Gently sloping sides with very wide base.
Dike – Batholith – Sill -
Dormant – (sleeping) has erupted but not in modern time. Extinct – Not known to have erupted in recorded time. Usually weathered down to base. Active – well, it is active in modern time. ZONES Ring of fire – is the zone of active earthquakes and volcanoes due to very active tectonic plate movement.
Mid-Atlantic ridge – chain of ridges caused by sea floor spreading.