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Political Geography

Political Geography. AP Human Geography—Minich. Defining a State. Definition: defined territories, permanent population, fully independent (sovereign ) Country=state History States have existed for thousands of years. “City-States” Empires

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Political Geography

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  1. Political Geography AP Human Geography—Minich

  2. Defining a State • Definition: defined territories, permanent population, fully independent (sovereign) • Country=state • History • States have existed for thousands of years. • “City-States” • Empires • Modern concept—dates back to Europe in the 17th-19th centuries • As of 1950 only about 50 recognized independent countries; now nearly 200 (and more coming) • Antarctica—only large piece of land not controlled by a state • Difficulty of Definition • Western Sahara, Taiwan, Korea Peace of Westphalia (1648)—Thirty Years’ War

  3. “Syrian conflict” • Explain the origin of modern Middle Eastern borders according to Rice. • What does Rice mean by “sectarian allegiances?” • Explain where you see the concept of Balkanization in the editorial. • What does she mean by the “Middle East state system?” • What is the former Secretary’s proposed solution? Why?

  4. Ethnicity and Nationalism • Nationality • Nationalism • Nation-State • Self-determination • Perfect Examples? • Multi-ethnic state • Multi-national state • UK, Lebanon, Austro-Hungarian • Part-Nation State • Examples: Kurds, Arabs • “Stateless nation” • Shatter Belt • Punjab • Centrifugal vs. Centripetal • Examples?

  5. Political geography: Conflict • Balkanization • Centrifugal Forces • Religion • Catholicism, Orthodox, Islam • Ethnicity • Language • Roman vs. Cyrillic • Centripetal Forces • Political • Austro-Hungarians • Yugoslavia (1991) • Ethnic Cleansing • Genocide • “Greater Serbia” • Kosovo (1999)

  6. Difficulty of Defining State: Taiwan • State??? • Technically part of China • Used to be called “Formosa” • Terms: • China = People’s Republic of China (PRC) • Taiwan = Republic of China (ROC) • Cold War Division— • 1949, non-communists (Chiang Kai-shek) fled to island • Claimed independence from China • US supports Taiwan, but says they are all China • Very industrialized; GDP per capita= 4-5x of China Other Territorial Disputes • East China Sea Air Defense Zone • Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands (China and Japan) • Spratly Islands(China, Vietnam, and Philippines)

  7. Difficulty of Defining State: North and South Korea History • 1895 – 1945 • Japan • 38th parallel • NK = Communist (USSR) • SK = Democracy (US) • 1950: Korean War • 36,500 US military killed • Cease-fire 1953 • DMZ (Demilitarized Zone) • 2½ miles wide • 38,000 US personnel

  8. North Korea • Development: • South Korean economy— 24x North Korean GDP • Dynasty— • Kim Il Sung “Great Leader” • Kim Jong Il “Dear Leader” • Kim Jong Un • Atrocities: Camp 14 • “3 Generations of punishment”

  9. State Expansion Most of the remaining colonies are small islands in the Pacific or Caribbean. • Colonization • Causes—correlation with demographic transition model? • Today: ie. “territories, overseas dependencies, subnational entities, in free association, or special administrative regions”

  10. State Expansion: Geopolitical models • Sea Power Theory • Alfred Mahan (US, 1880s) • Control of sea lanes would lead to national power • Organic Theory of States • Friedrich Ratzel (German, 1901) • Lebensraum—expansion was a sign of health • Heartland Theory • Halford Mackinder (British, 1904) • Eurasian heartland would be the center of a land based empire (ie. Eastern Europe and Russia) • RimlandTheory • Nicholas Spykman (US, 1942) • Rimland not the heartland was the key (ie. China, Europe, Japan, India, Middle East) • Evolved into US Containment Policy, “Balance of power” • Who was right? • How are they a function of their times/technologies? • Which theory most applies today? Do any?

  11. Shapes of States Think advantages, disadvantages, and examples… • Micro-state • Compact • Elongated • Prorupted • Perforated • Enclave • Fragmented • Exclave • Landlocked

  12. Types of Boundaries Think advantages, disadvantages, and examples… • Physical • Water, mountains, etc. • Cultural • Geometric • Religious • Linguistic • Others… • Antecedent • Super-imposed boundary • Satellite states • Relict

  13. Internal Political Organization Geographic power distribution: Think advantages, disadvantages, and examples… • Unitary- central government makes laws for the entire nation and gives local governments only limited power and authority • Great Britain, Japan and France • Federal System- gives the national government certain powers and reserves others for the states • United States, India, Mexico, Russia • Confederation- smaller political units keep their sovereignty and give the central government very limited powers • Articles of Confederation, United Nations, European Union

  14. Electoral Geography How is representation determined in our system? • Legislative—districts and states • Executive—electoral college as of 2013 (based on 2010 Census data)

  15. Electoral geography • Apportionment • At-large • 435 members of Congress (1911) • 1:710,000 people (2010 Census)—34,000 (in 1790) •  Montana—994,000 vs. 694,000 in GA, 527,000 in RI • Redistricting • Responsibility of state legislatures—problem? • Compact, Contiguous, Congruent, Equity

  16. Electoral geography • Malapportionment (refusal to redistrict) • UK— Rotten/pocket borough • Reform Act of 1832 • US— • Baker v. Carr(TN,1962), urbanization • Wesberry v. Sanders(GA,1964), “one man one vote”—equal district representation • Gerrymandering (manipulating district lines) • Wasted vote, excess vote, stacked vote • Partisan, Racial (ruled unconst.)

  17. Electoral geography 2000 Census 2010 Census

  18. U.S. congressional districts covering Travis County Texas (outlined in red) In 2003, Republicans in the Texas legislature redistricted the state, diluting the voting power of the heavily Democratic county.

  19. The unusual "earmuff" shape of the 4th Congressional District of Illinois connects two Hispanic neighborhoods while remaining narrowly tracing Interstate 294.

  20. Electoral geography According to # of electoral votes • Electoral College • Indirect System • Historical Explanation • Free Agents or Party Agents? • Senate + House of Reps (538) • 270 is the magic number • 2012 • Landslide…or was it? • Look at all that red?? Maps are for the 2012 election

  21. Electoral geography • Electoral College • Problems: • Popular vote winner does not always win • Bush vs. Gore (2000) • Faithless electors • House tiebreaker • “Every Vote Counts” or does it? • ie. Georgia vs. Swing States • Alternatives? • Maine Method • California Plan • Constitutional Amendment

  22. Supranationalism • Why do IGO’s (Intergovernmental Organizations) exist? • Not new…Delian League (478 BCE), Hanseatic League (13th Cent.) • Global vs. Regional • Economic • NAFTA, OPEC, World Trade Organization • Political • Organization of American States, the Organization of African Unity, British Commonwealth of Nations, Arab League • Military • NATO, Warsaw Pact, Rome-Berlin Axis • Nongovernmental Organizations (NGO’s) • International Red Cross/Crescent, Green Peace, Doctors Without Borders

  23. OPEC NATO

  24. IGO Research Questions • Global or Regional • What is the purpose of the organization? • Type: Economic, Political, Military • What states are members? • What areas of sovereignty do member states sacrifice in return for membership? • What role do you see this IGO playing in the future? How do you think this IGO will change the nature of member/nonmember states?

  25. Origin of the United Nations • Where did the idea for the UN come from? • 1945 • What was its original purpose? • What was the League of Nations? • How did it form the foundation of the United Nations? • What are the differences?

  26. United Nations Members

  27. Un General Assembly • Who belongs? • 192 Members • 2/3’s required to make decisions • What Powers? • Discuss issues/problems • Pass resolutions • Votes for membership election, suspend/admit members, budgetary matters

  28. UN Security Council • Who belongs? • 15 members (9 out of 15 required to pass resolutions) • 5 Permanent Veto Nations (US, Russia, UK, France and China) • 10 Non-permanent elected • What Powers? • Investigates disputes, pass resolutions, can call for economic or military action

  29. UN Secretariat • Secretariat • day to day operations, taking orders from the UN members • Secretary General • Ban Ki-moon • Continent Rotation • Peacekeepers

  30. Describe the basic Organization • International Court of Justice (ICJ) • Settles legal disputes between countries, ruling is binding • Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) • Intended to improve living standards • UNESCO, ILO, FAO, WHO, World Bank • UN Declarations: • Human Rights, Genocide Convention, Law of the Seas, Earth Summit

  31. European Union EU Embassy (Washington, DC) Parliament (Brussels)

  32. What is the European Union (EU)? • 1951—Sought economic cooperation to prevent a repeat of a conflict like World War II (European Coal and Steel Community—Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, and West Germany) • 1967—European Community (EC)promoted further economic cooperation (12 members), also managed nuclear energy production • 1993—Maastricht Treatythe EU has been expanding into other policy areas such as the environment, education, security, foreign policy, immigration and crime

  33. European Union: Member States (27) Austria (1995) Belgium (1952) Bulgaria (2007) Cyprus (2004) Czech Republic (2004) Denmark (1973) Estonia (2004) Finland (1995) France (1952) Germany (1952) Greece (1981) Hungary (2004) Ireland (1973) Italy (1952) Latvia (2004) Lithuania (2004) Luxembourg (1952) Malta (2004) Netherlands (1952) Poland (2004) Portugal (1986) Romania (2007) Slovakia (2004) Slovenia (2004) Spain (1986) Sweden (1995) United Kingdom (1973)

  34. Who can join the EU? • To join a country must meet a list of criteria: • Stable democratic government • Good human rights record • Sound economic policy • Willing to adopt all EU regulations and laws Acceding country Croatia Candidate Countries Iceland Montenegro Serbia FYR of Macedonia Turkey Potential Candidates Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina Kosovo

  35. Euro

  36. EU: Basic Facts • Capital: Brussels • Area: 4.3 million sq km (US: 9.8 million sqkm) • France, Spain, UK, Germany • Population: 504 million (US: 314 million) • Germany, France, Italy, UK • GDP $15.48 trillion (US: $15.08 trillion) • Per capita GDP $34,100 (US: $48,300) • Life Expectancy 79.76 years (US: 78.49 years)

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