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CHAPTER 29

CHAPTER 29. SEC 1 THE BRITISH EMPIRE POST-WWI. EGYPT. After WWI many British colonies sought independence and self-rule The Egyptians gained their pseudo-independence in 1922.

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CHAPTER 29

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  1. CHAPTER 29 SEC 1 THE BRITISH EMPIRE POST-WWI

  2. EGYPT • After WWI many British colonies sought independence and self-rule • The Egyptians gained their pseudo-independence in 1922 • Though on paper they were independent, the British still wished to control the Suez, and left military forces behind • The Anglo-Egyptian Treaty would allow for more freedom, but locked Egypt into occupation for 20 more years

  3. PALESTINE v. ZIONISTS - ORIGINS • British keep complete control over Palestine • Since the late 1800’s, European Jews, part of the Zionist movement, aimed to build a homeland for Jews in the Holy Land • The British supported this settlement • British foreign secretary Arthur Balfour’s Balfour Declaration

  4. The British not only promised a Jewish state, but also promised an Arab one. • The Arab state would be a reward for helping against the Ottomans in WWI • After the war, both sides waited for GB to make good on its promises • Clashes flared between the two groups, so the Brits reduced Jewish immigration

  5. When the Nazis began the Final Solution, Jewish immigration increased again • By 1937, GB declared the obvious: Zionist homeland and Arab independence were incompatible • It was suggested that land be divided between the two groups

  6. ?

  7. INDIA • India was GB’s largest colony • Indians were divided • Those educated in the west –wanted Brit rule • Indian Nationalists – complete independence • Mohandas Gandhi • Political and spiritual leader • Opposed violence – passive resistance • His followers boycotted Brit goods and refused to pay taxes • The British responded by restricting civil liberties and breaking up public demonstrations • Efforts to secure independence will continue

  8. CHAPTER 29 SEC 2 TURKEY & AFRICA

  9. TURKEY • After WWI the Ottomans were stripped of all their land except Turkey • Mustafa Kemal, along with his nationalist followers, helped establish The Republic of Turkey in 1923 • Kemal became their first President

  10. Kemal recognized the technological superiority of the West and embraced nationalism • He worked to modernize and westernize Turkey • He viewed Islam as a roadblock to modernization • He ended Islam’s association with the government • He imposed civil and social reforms

  11. SOCIAL REFORM IN TURKEY • Kemal prohibited the wearing of tradition clothing • All were required to take surnames • He took the name Ataturk, meaning “father of the Turks” • He established secular schools • He replaced the Arabic alphabet with the Latin alphabet • He gave women the right to vote and hold office • Under Kemal Turkey became more prosperous

  12. AFRICA • Many Africans, exposed to WWI fighting, found new ideas of nationalism appealing • This idea of freedom endangered the colonial holdings of Europe • By the 1930’s Africans demanded their independence • This movement would be led by military despots and a handful of western educated young men

  13. CHAPTER 29 SEC 3 UNREST IN CHINA

  14. CHINESE NATIONALISM • The Chinese Nationalist movement was led by a western educated, former pharmacy student named Sun Yat-sen • Influenced by western thought, he sought a constitutional government and a bill of rights for the people • He sought industrialization and modernization

  15. SUN YAT-SEN’S 3 PRICIPLES OF THE PEOPLE • Political unification and an ouster of foreign influence • Gradual change to democratic government, with full personal rights and liberties to the Chinese people • Economic improvements with industrialization and a more equitable distribution of land

  16. FORMING THE CHINESE REPUBLIC • In 1912 China was declared a republic • The Nationalist asked for help from foreign powers • The Soviets were the only to respond • The gave technical, political and military advice • Chiang Kai-shek took leadership upon the death of Sun Yat-sen in 1925

  17. THE RISE OF THE COMMUNISTS IN CHINA • Chinese intellectuals founded the Chinese Communist Party in 1921 • They were inspired by the Russian Revolution and ideas of Marx and Lenin • This dedication to Communist ways would be that of the Left wing of the Nationalist Party • The Right wing opposed Communism, especially the redistribution of land

  18. I hope you packed your boots and long johns. CHIANG’S WAR ON THE COMMUNISTS Hope you like Taiwan • In 1927 Chiang expelled all Soviet advisors • He moved against the Left by executing large numbers of Communists • Through several large-scale military operations, he sought to eliminate the Communists for good

  19. THE LONG MARCH • The Communist purge of ‘27 caused the Long March • Communists fled to the Northwest of China, crossing 18 mountain ranges and 24 rivers, constantly chased by Nationalist troops, and surrounded by Nazi forces at one point • The 6,000 mile trip saw many die, but also saw the rise of Mao Zedong as their leader

  20. The Nationalist and the Communist, though they hated each other, saw a common enemy in the approaching Japanese imperialists • They would suspend their feud during the upcoming WWII, only to start up again following the war

  21. Not so bad for an exile. Does anybody else have a strange craving for Chinese takeout

  22. SEC 4 CHAPTER 29 IMPERIALISM IN JAPAN

  23. JAPANESE EXPANSION • Japan was turning into a modern industrial power • As a small island country, Japan’s expansion was contingent upon resources their neighbors possessed • Japan looked to Manchuria, putting them in conflict with Russia • In 1902 Japan gained an alliance with GB (mutual protection pact) • What desire did this pact fulfill for Japan?

  24. RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR • Starting in 1904, the Japanese attacked the Russian fleet, overran Russian troops in Korea, and pushed the into Manchuria • In 1905 the Japanese shocked the world when they defeated the Russian navy handily • President Theodore Roosevelt was asked to mediate between the two parties, and the Treaty of Portsmouth was signed, ending the Russo-Japanese War • Russia yielded control of their southern Manchurian railroad • Gave up claims to Korea • Russians also pulled troops out of Manchuria

  25. PROBLEMS WITH MODERNIZATION • Industrialization and scientific development raised the standard of living for the Japanese people • Because of this, population grew • Population growth leads to more food production, but every inch of arable land was cultivated • Food supply could not match the population increase (Malthus?) • This caused many Japanese to emigrate • This is the time that Roosevelt signed the Gentleman’s Agreement, limiting Japanese immigration

  26. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL TENSION • Economically, Japan lacked the raw materials needed to create a modern industry • These raw materials would be needed not only for modernization, but for military expansion • Socially, younger Japanese questioned the traditional values of their society, as many moved from the farm to the growing cities.

  27. MILITARY EXPANSION • Through the 1920’s and the 1930’s Japan became increasingly more militaristic • The military took a greater role in government • Military officers stated that the west would never view them as equals • This belief pushed the Japanese to embrace their “purity” as a people • Japan would pursue a more independent path from this point forward • The military insisted the people become more traditional • They increased the size of the navy and army • They adopted a “Monroe Doctrine” of their own for Asia • Manchuria became a target for expansion

  28. CHAPTER 29 SEC 5 LATIN AMERICA BETWEEN THE WARS

  29. ECONOMIC CHANGES • Agriculture dominated LA economies • Beef, wheat, sugar, coffee, fruits • Oil (mostly owned by US and GB companies) • copper

  30. SOCIAL & POLITICAL CHANGES • Cities such as Mexico City, Buenos Aires, Sao Paulo, & Rio de Janeiro surged to populations in excess of 1 million • All this growth, and still, democracy eluded the people of Latin America

  31. EFFECTS OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION • The worldwide depression effected LA in the 1930’s • Importing goods became nearly impossible • National economies failed, unemployment spread, and coup d'états overthrew constitutional governments

  32. These governmental failures due to the depression made people desperate • This desperation led to the rise of authoritarian military dictators • All dissent was suppressed and freedoms were stifled

  33. RELATIONS WITH THE UNITED STATES • US intervention in LA was met with suspicion and ill will • The Panama Canal and the Spanish American War left a bad taste in their mouth • In the 1930’s Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Good Neighbor Policy sought to rectify this distrust • This policy called for noninterference on the part of the US in LA affairs

  34. CUBA TESTS THE POLICY • A group of socialist radicals overthrew the government in Cuba, and nationalized some American-owned companies • The US responded by dropping diplomatic recognition (did not intervene) • Fulgencio Batista overthrew the government (the US didn’t stop him) • Batista became our buddy, and we cancelled the Platt Amendment

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