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Rough ER

The Endomembrane System. Rough ER. Transport vesicle from ER. Golgi apparatus. Secretory vesicle from Golgi. Vacuole. Lysosome. Secretory protein. Plasma membrane. The Endoplasmic Reticulum. Produces an enormous variety of molecules Is composed of smooth and rough ER. Nuclear

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Rough ER

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  1. The Endomembrane System Rough ER Transport vesicle from ER Golgi apparatus Secretory vesicle from Golgi Vacuole Lysosome Secretory protein Plasma membrane

  2. The Endoplasmic Reticulum • Produces an enormous variety of molecules • Is composed of smooth and rough ER Nuclear envelope Ribosomes Rough ER Smooth ER

  3. The Endoplasmic Reticulum After the rough ER synthesizes a molecule it packages the molecule into transport vesicles 4 Transport vesicle buds off Secretory protein inside transport vesicle Ribosome 3 Protein 1 Rough ER 2 Polypeptide

  4. The Golgi Apparatus • Works in partnership with the ER • Refines, stores, and distributes the products of cells Transport vesicle from ER “Receiving” side of Golgi apparatus Golgi apparatus New vesicle forming Transport vesicle from the Golgi “Shipping” side of Golgi apparatus Plasma membrane

  5. Lysosomes • It contains digestive enzymes • The enzymes break down macromolecules • A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac • They break down damaged organelles Lysosome Digestion Damaged organelle (b) Lysosome breaking down damaged organelle

  6. Vacuoles Vacuoles are membranous sacs

  7. Cellular energy conversion Mitochondria are the sites of cellular respiration, which involves the production of ATP from food molecules Outer membrane Inner membrane Cristae Matrix Space between membranes Figure 4.18

  8. Cytoskeleton • ● Provides mechanical support to the cell and maintain its shape

  9. *microtubules The Cytoskeleton *microfilaments (actin filaments) *intermediate filaments

  10. Microfilaments

  11. Microtubules *centrosome *centrioles

  12. Cilia and Flagella Cilia and flagella are motile appendages • Flagella propel the cell in a whiplike motion • Cilia move in a coordinated back-and-forth motion

  13. “9 + 2” basal body Cilia and Flagella

  14. The Cytoskeleton dynein – motor molecules

  15. Plant Cells Not in animal cells Cytoskeleton Mitochondrion Central vacuole Nucleus Cell wall Rough endoplamsicreticulum (ER) Chloroplast Ribosomes Plasma membrane Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Plasmodesmata Golgi apparatus

  16. Plant Cells Walls of two adjacent plant cells Plant cells are encased by cell walls Vacuole Plasmodesmata (channels between cells)

  17. Chloroplasts Inner and outer membranes of envelope Chloroplasts are the sites of photosynthesis, the conversion of light energy to chemical energy Granum Space between membranes Stroma (fluid in chloroplast)

  18. Origin of Eukaryotes

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