Section 4

1. Section 4 NATIONAL BUILDING IN LATIN AMERICA

2. A. Nationalist Revolts • Political ideals stemming from the revolution in North Americaput European control of Latin America in peril. Social classes divided Latin America; and held all important positions. Creoles controlled land and business. Peninsular regarded the creoles as second class citizens.

3. A. Nationalist Revolts • 1. Prelude to Revolution • Creoles were descendants of European born in Latin America who lived there permanently. Creoles favored revolutionary ideals of equality of all people. Francois Toussaint Lourveturestarted the revolutions. Led revolt on island that became known as Haiti. Became first independent state in Latin America.

4. A. Nationalist Revolts • 2. Revolt in Mexico • Miguel Hidalgostarted. He roused the Native Americans and mestizos. His forces were poorly trained and Hidalgo was sentenced to death. Eventually Agustin de Iturbide brought freedom to Mexico. He became emperor.

5. A. Nationalist Revolts • 3. Revolts in South America • Jose de San Martinand Simon Bolivarwere hailed as the “liberators of South America.” San Martin believed that the Spaniards must be removed from all of South America, if any South American nation was to be free. Bolivar began the struggle for independence in Venezuela and went on to Ecuador. San Martin liberated Argentina and Chile. The two eventually joined forces and liberated the rest of Spanish South America.

6. A. Nationalist Revolts • 4. Threats to Independence • Other European countries wanted to move into Latin America and take over these new lands. Britain wished to trade with Latin America and wanted to join with USA to figure out. James Monroedid not trust the British. The MONROEDOCTRINEwas put in which strongly warned against any European intervention in the Americas.

7. B. Nation Building • The wars of independence had resulted in a staggering loss of people, property and livestock. Not sure of borders countries went to war to secure borders. Countries became economically dependenton western nations once again.

8. B. Nation Building • 1. Rose of the Caudillos • Began with republican governments but had no experience in self rule. Strong leaders known as CAUDILLOSgained power. Rule by military force. Antonio Lopez de Santa Annaruled Mexico. Called self the “Napoleon of the West” he misused state funds, halted reforms and created chaos. 1835 American settlers in Texas revolted against Santa Anna. Texas gained its independence and was later annexed to USA. War between Mexico and USA followed.  • Benito Juarezfollowed Santa Anna and brought liberal reforms to Mexico.

9. B. Nation Building • 2. A New Imperialism • Political independence brought economic independence but old patterns were quickly reestablished. Great Britain and USnow dominated Latin America economy by foreigners. These countries built transportation and communication systems and power plants.

10. B. Nation Building • 3. Economic Dependence • The emphasis on exporting raw materialand importing finished products ensured the ongoing dominationof the Latin American economy by foreigners. Most LA countries experienced uneven economic development since they were almost wholly dependenton the sale of one or two cash crops. LA countries remained economically dependent on western nations.

11. B. Nation Building • 4. Persistent Inequality • Fundamental problem for all of LA nations was the domination of society by the landed elites. Land remained the basis of wealth, social prestige, and political power throughout the 19th century.

12. C. Change in Latin America • After 1870, LA governments led by large landowners, wrote constitutions similar to the US. • 1. The US in Latin America US was world power by 1900. Began to intervenein the affairs of southern neighbors. Cuba was a protectorate, Puerto Rico was annexed. We supported revolution that allowed Panama to separate from Columbia. In return we got to build and control Panama Canal.

13. C. Change in Latin America • 2. American Investments • Soon expanded. We sent military forces to many LA countries to protectour interests. In Haiti and Nicaragua we had marines for years.

14. C. Change in Latin America • 3. Revolution in Mexico • PorfirioDiazcreated a conservative, centralized government. Was supported by all the major institutions. Wages of workers had declined so they were upset. The northern states were in near anarchy as PANCHO VILLAarmed masses of bandits swept the countryside. Was a demand for land reform and this was led by EmillanoZapata. He aroused the masses of landless peasants and began to seize and redistribute the estates of wealth landholders. This was the Mexican Revolution and finally a new constitution was enacted. Set up a president, created land reform policies, established limits on foreign investors and set an agenda to help the workers.

15. C. Change in Latin America • 4. Prosperity and Social Change • After 1870 prosperity based to a large extent on the export of a few basic items. Wheat and beeffrom Argentina, coffee from Brazil. Increased industrialization. Had growth in middle sectors which lived in cities and sought education and decent incomes. US was a model for liberal reform.

16. 21-4 Review • Leaders of newly formed LA republics • Caudillos • Miguel Hidalgo. A hero of Mexican independence after 1810, had studied what? • The French Revolution • Mexican ruler from 1833-1855 • Santa Anna • Guarantee by the US to protect LA from Europe • Monroe Doctrine

17. 21-4 Review • The Mexican period of reform from 1855 to 1876 included: • Separation of church and __. • State • Land distribution to the ___. • Poor • The ___ system • Education • Jose de San Martin and Simon Bolivar led South American independence movements against what country? • Spain

18. 21-4 Review • Most privileged Latin American class • Peninsulares • This country dominated the economy of LA in the 19th century • Britain • Mexican reform leader • Benito Juarez • Wealth, social prestige, and political power during the 19th century in LA were based on what? • Land