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Building the Nation

Building the Nation. Chapter 11. Political Alien and Sedition Act hurt them Hamilton wing split Pirateering and impressment hurt them. Personal Went on the defensive and attacked Jefferson personally Accused Jefferson of fathering Mulatto children Criticized his belief in Deism.

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Building the Nation

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  1. Building the Nation Chapter 11

  2. Political Alien and Sedition Act hurt them Hamilton wing split Pirateering and impressment hurt them Personal Went on the defensive and attacked Jefferson personally Accused Jefferson of fathering Mulatto children Criticized his belief in Deism Federalists

  3. Revolution of 1800 • First election with two viable political parties • Anti-Federalists-Jefferson, presented themselves as proponents of states rights and agrarian interests • Federalists-Adams, focused on merchants and city dwellers, as incumbents their task was more difficult

  4. Jefferson won Election of 1800 • Tie of vote between Burr and Jefferson makes election inconclusive • Congress had to break tie • Jefferson…common man/ Burr..business man • Jefferson won election BUT this led to the 12th Amendment as result • 12th Amendment changes system of running mates • The Electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President.

  5. Revolution of 1800? • Jefferson claimed it was revolution • Despite problems transition was smooth and peaceful • Election represented a return to ideals • Jefferson …restoration of Republican experiment and check on the growth of governmental powers

  6. Jefferson as President • “We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists” • Was not concerned with rank or attire • acted moderately- He kept the Federalist appointees of his predecessors • When the Alien and Sedition Act expired, he pardoned those “martyrs” serving sentences and remitted fines • Gov't eased naturalization laws in 1802 14yrs of residence to 5 yrs. • He got rid of Excise Tax- lost about $1 million a year in revenue • He kept the national bank • He balanced budget b/c he opposed national debt

  7. Judicial Review • Judiciary Act of 1801 created 16 new federal judgeships to be filled by federalists on Adams last day in office • Case of Marbury vs. Madison • Marbury was Federalist judge who was an Adams Midnight appointee, BUT he was not confirmed in time • He sued gov’t which was Anti-Federalist • John Marshall Federalist Chief Justice took case and handed down decision to dismiss case • Marshall created precedent of Judicial Review by court reviewing and deciding case rather than executive branch rejecting nominee • This action strengthened Judicial branch and put the question of constitutionality to the supreme court

  8. Jefferson Reluctant Warrior • Reduced military to 2,500 because of his Republican ideals • He wanted to avoid entangling alliances that could lead to war • Pirates of the North African Barbary States tried to force Jefferson to buy protection • This was a conflict of Jeffersonian ideals • In 1801 due to lack of payment Tripoli declared war on the USA • Navy sent to the “Shores of Tripoli” • Treaty of Tripoli in 1805 for $60,000

  9. Louisiana Purchase • Napoleon gains territory from Spain • Jefferson sent James Monroe and Robert Livingston to Paris to buy New Orleans • Napoleon unexpectedly decides to sell all of Louisiana because: • He failed to reconquer Santo Domingo, a former colony in revolt led by ex-slave Toussaint L’Ouverture • He plans renewed war with GB and he wants to avoid a GB/US alliance • April 30, 1803 US purchased Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million

  10. Jefferson’s Dilemma • Article 2 Section 2-- Powers of President • Jefferson as theorist and Jefferson as President • Jefferson felt that this purchase was unconstitutional BUT in end he realizes that the flexibility of constitution makes this possible • US gained 828,000 square miles of land • This purchase set a precedent of the acquisition of foreign territory and peoples by purchase

  11. Lewis and Clark • Jefferson sent personal secretary and army officer to explore northern part of Louisiana Purchase • Sacajawea aided them in 2 ½ year quest • They explored Missouri River to the Rockies, then followed Columbia River to Pacific Ocean • Demonstrated the viability of overland trail to the Pacific • Zebulon Pike explorer…Pike’s Peak

  12. Aaron Burr • Aaron Burr, former VP to Jefferson plotted with Federalist New Englanders to seced from the U.S. • Burr killed Hamilton in Duel after Hamilton exposed plot • Later was tried for TREASON b/c he was involved in plot to separate western part of US from east • Fled to Europe • But this showed the difficulty that the US gov't had in governing such a large area

  13. Neutral America • Britain and France at war detrimentally affected US economy • British closed ports under French control to foreign shipments unless vessel first stopped at British port (Orders in Council) • Napoleon retaliated by ordering all foreign merchant ships be seized including American • America was caught • Impressment-forcible enlistment of sailors • British fired on US ship Chesapeake suspected of carrying deserters-Chesapeake Incident • But Jefferson did not want US to go to war

  14. “Peaceful Coercion” • But Jefferson did not want US to go to war • Jefferson passed Embargo Act 1807- this prohibited export of all goods • American economy suffered under effects • It seemed that Jefferson was waging war on fellow citizens rather than offenders • Embargo revived Federalist party • Congress repealed Act on March 1, 1809 • It was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act • This measure formally reopened trade with all but Britain and France

  15. Jefferson’s mistake • He underestimated British determination • He overestimated the dependence of Britain and France on US trade • He miscalculated the unpopularity of measure at home • He was not able to enforce it well enough to achieve desired results • Resulted in growth of industry in US and laid foundation for American manufacturing

  16. Madison as President • Following Washington’s precedent, Jefferson left after two terms • James Madison became Pres March 1809 • Macon’s Bill No. 2 replaced Non-Intercourse Act but represented complete reopening of trade BUT it said if France or GB repealed its restrictions vs. US the US would reinstate embargo on the opposite party • Madison felt this was a shameful capitulation

  17. Madison • Madison as President inherited policies and problems of Jefferson and Adams • Trade with Britain or no one • Madison was faced with inevitability of War with either France or GB

  18. Tecumseh • Shawnee brothers Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa led unification of Indian tribes-land,clothing,alcohol • Western War Hawks saw unification as threat • Harrison gov. of Indiana Territory advanced on Shawnee settlement at Tippecanoe River S. attacked and Harrison’s army burned their village • This battle made Harrison a hero

  19. War of 1812 • Madison turned to war to restore Republican experiment • Middle ground stance led US nowhere • Declared War June 1, 1812 • US split on going to war-along Regional and Partisan lines

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