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NATION BUILDING

NATION BUILDING. OBJECTIVES. How did the ideology of nationalism evolve between 1850-1914 What are the different types of nationalism? Who were the key individuals in the development of the nations of Italy and Germany?. REAL POLITIK.

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NATION BUILDING

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  1. NATION BUILDING

  2. OBJECTIVES • How did the ideology of nationalism evolve between 1850-1914 • What are the different types of nationalism? • Who were the key individuals in the development of the nations of Italy and Germany?

  3. REAL POLITIK • TOUGH MINDED REALISM = Neo Machiavellian = Social order, Strength of the STATE • HOW? War and Diplomacy (Power Politics) • Harnessed the forces of Liberalism and Nationalism • Rejected romanticism and high-minded ideologies • MODERN NATION STATE • Building, RRoads, Parks – Economic Development

  4. Italian Unification

  5. OBSTACLES • Metternich Italy “geographic expression” • Political and Geographic Divisions • Austria controlled (Lombardy, Venetia, Parma, Tuscany, Modena, Naples or Two Sicilies • Piedmont-Sardinia (Independent) • Papal States (CHURCH) • What type of gov’t?

  6. PROMOTING • Nationalism • Resented Austrian subjugation • Unity – Greatness – Grandeur of Rome • Common Language, History, Traditions, Beliefs, Goals • Patriotic Societies • Leadership Sardinia-Piedmont – Cavour • Real Politik– Politics of Reality, gov’t not guided by ideology, give up on utopian dreams of 1848

  7. SARDINIA-PIEDMONT • King Charles Albert –granted constitution (r. 1831-1849) • Victor Emmanuel II (r. 1849-1878) • Camillo Count Cavour – appointed Prime Minister (1810-1861)

  8. KEY PLAYERS Giuseppi Garibaldi[The “Sword”] King Victor Emmanuel II Giuseppi Mazzini[The “Heart”] Count Cavour[The “Brain”]

  9. KEY EVENTS • Failed Attempts (1820-21,1848) • Crimean War (1853-1856) • Treaty of Plombieres (1858) • Austro-Sardinian War (1859) • Garibali’s Red Shirts (1860) • Austro-Prussian War (1866)

  10. 1820-1821 • Guiseppe Mazzini (1805-1872) • Speeches, Writings, Secret Societies • Carbonari – “charcoal burners” = goal Risorgimento “resurgence” • Favored a unified, democratic Italy

  11. “BRAVE MEN DO NOT WIN THEIR FREEDOM UNASSISTED” KEY CONCEPT

  12. CRIMEAN WAR (1853-1856) Russia[claimed protectorship over the Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire] Ottoman Empire Great Britain France Piedmont-Sardinia

  13. NAPOLEON III • Foreign policy = destabilize the peaceful diplomacy established by Congress of Vienna • France vs. Russia – Crimean War • France vs. Austria – Italian Unification • France vs. Prussia – German Unification

  14. SUEZ CANAL 1860

  15. CRIMEAN WAR • Real Issues – Russia Expansionism (warm water port) • British – Mediterranean = their lake • Ottoman Empire – “Sickman of Europe” • Cavour – Italian Question? • Shattered - Concert of Europe • Changed the Balance of Power – severed the ties b/w Russia and Austria

  16. CRIMEAN WAR • Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) • Pioneer in the modern nursing profession • International fame

  17. ALEXANDER II • (r. 1855 – 1881) • Crimean War (1853-56) turning pt. – backward industrially • Potential rebellion • “better from above, than below” • 1861 – Emancipation of the Serfs • Zemstvos – local elected councils • Plans Constitution

  18. CRIMEAN WAR • No Russian or Ottoman naval forces on the Black Sea. • All the major powers agreed to respect the political integrity of the Ottoman Empire. Who benefited? Who lost big?

  19. FELICE ORSINI • 1819-1858 • Italian nationalist revolutionary • Napoleon III chief obstacle to Italian Independence • Attempted Assassination • “poor Italy, cannot something be done for her” • Napoleon III

  20. PLOMBIERES • 1858 • Meeting Cavour – Napoleon III • Cavour would provoke war with Austria • France defender against aggressor Austria • What’s in it for Napoleon III? • What’s in it for Cavour?

  21. AUSTRO-SARDINIA WAR • 1859 • Piedmont mobilized • Austria ordered conscription Lombardy, Venetia • Many Italians fled to avoid the draft • Austria demanded their return – Cavour refused • Austria declared War

  22. TREATY OF VILLAFRANCA • Napoleon III (France) / Emperor Franz Joseph (Austria) 1859 • France = Nice and Savoy • Piedmont = Lombardy not Venetia • Cavour resigns “hurt patriot” • Uprisings in Modena, Parma, Romagna, and Tuscany • King Emmanuel II recalls Cavour • Northern Italian states unified EXCEPT Venetia

  23. GARIBALDI • Unification of Southern Italy • “Red Shirts” 1,150 men • Conquered Sicily and Naples ruled incompetently by the Bourbons • Plebiscite Sicily and Naples joined the Italian Kingdom • Symbolic carriage ride through Naples – Garibaldi / Victor Emmanuel II (KING)

  24. Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts” Unites with Cavour

  25. AUSTRO-PRUSSIAN WAR • 1866 • Seven Weeks War, Third War of Independence • Italy allied w/ Prussia • Seize Venetia from Austria • Decline in Hapsburg power • Rise in Prussian hegemony

  26. PAPAL STATES • Pope Pius IX • 1870 defeat of Napoleon III (Franco-Prussian War) French troops removed from Rome • 1870 Rome voted for union with Italy • 1866 Venetia added after the Prussians defeated Austria (Seven Weeks War)

  27. OUTCOME • Papacy hostile prisoner – Vatican (1929) • Liberal Constitutional Monarchy • North conquered South – North Industrial – South agricultural • Irredenta– “unredeemed” – festered – Mussolini WWI • Political corruption, economically and militarily weak

  28. ITALY TODAY • 1948-present - 60 different gov’t • Bi-Cameral Parliamentary System (Senate, Chamber of Deputies) • President – Head of State (7 year term) – Giorgio Napolitano (2006) • Prime Minister – Silvio Berlusconi (94-95,01-06, 08-11)

  29. German Unification

  30. OBSTACLES • Northern Germany – Protestant – Industry • Southern Germany – Roman Catholic – Agrarian • Fragmented • Opposition by Austria Metternich – Carlsbad Decrees • Opposition by lesser German States, France

  31. PROMOTING • Common Nationality – German educators, poets, writers, historians, philosophers “Fatherland” • Napoleon’s influence – Nationalism against him • German Confederation – 38 states (Congress of Vienna) • Confederation – weak and ineffective • Economic Unity – Zollverein Prussia, North

  32. PRE-CURSOR • MIDDLE AGES • Charlemagne (r. 768-814) • Holy Roman Empire (800-1806) • Teutonic Knights – Crusades • 1226 – Conquered Prussia (Slavs) • Aristocracy – Warrior Class • Charles V

  33. PRE-CURSOR • HOHENZOLLERNS • Origins – Swabia, Brandenburg 1417 • One of the 7 electors of the Holy Roman Emperor • 1525 Albrect von Hohenzollern • First German Duke of Prussia

  34. “PRUSSIA WAS NOT A COUNTRY WITH A MILITARY, BUT A MILITARY WITH A COUNTRY”- VOLTAIRE

  35. PRE-CURSOR • HOHENZOLLERN SUCCESSION • Frederick William “Great Elector” (1640-1688) • King Frederick I “Soldier King” (1688-1713) • Frederick William I (1713-1740) • Frederick II “The Great” (1740-86)

  36. PRE-CURSOR • Martin Luther • 30 Years’ War • Brandenburg strengthened by France • Parts of Alsace ceded to France • Enlightenment • Immanuel Kant, Bach, Beethoven • Absolutism • Court Culture, Standing Armies, Louis XIV

  37. PRE-CURSOR • French Revolution – French Occupation • Napoleon – Confederation of the Rhine 1806 • Holy Roman Empire Abolished • Congress of Vienna 1815 • German Confederation • Prussia Enlarged • Double Population • Rhine, Westphalia • Valuable Natural Resources

  38. PRE-CURSOR • Frederick William IV (r. 1840-1861) • 1848 – Promised a Liberal Constitution • Prussian Constituent Assembly – Berlin • Frankfurt Assembly – liberals – unified German State • 1849 – National Assembly – Constitution • King Frederick William IV – refused “crown from the gutter” – disband the Constituent Assembly, created a conservative Constitution

  39. Zollverein • 1834 • Customs union = eliminate tariff barriers • Uniform tariff against non-members • Most German states EXCEPT AUSTRIA • Kleindeutsch (small) vs. Grossdeutsch (big)

  40. Key Players The “IronChancellor” Realpolitik “Blood&Iron”

  41. Otto von Bismarck • First Chancellor of Germany • 1871-1890 - Realpolitik • Junker, Conservative Monarchal Views • Kulturkampf – anti-Catholic policies • Administrative reform, central bank, common currency, single code of commercial and civil law • Social Security – accident, old age, sickness • Master diplomat – alliances, counter-alliances

  42. Otto von Bismarck “The less people know about how sausages and laws are made, the better they’ll sleep at night.” “I am bored. The great things are done. The German Reich is made.” “The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches and majority decisions—that was the mistake of 1848-1849—but by blood and iron.” “Some damned foolish thing in the Balkans will provoke the next war.”

  43. Kaiser Wilhelm I • King of Prussia (1861-1888) • Hohenzollern • Appointed and Supported Bismarck’s policies • 1st Emperor of Germany (1797-1888)

  44. Helmut von Moltke • “The Elder” • 1800-1891 • Modern Conscription • Lethality of modern weapons • Rail based mobilization • Intelligence • Blitzkrieg

  45. THE DANISH WAR • 1864 • Schleswig-Holstein Question • Controlled by Denmark • German Speaking inhabitants • Prussian / Austrian armies invade • Led to the Austro-Prussian War

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