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Chapter 1. New World Beginnings, 33,000 B.C.E.–1769 C.E. p2. p3. Figure 1-1a p5. Figure 1-1b p5. II. Peopling the Americas. Cultures Collide American, European, and African worlds Core Beliefs and Worlds Views Challenged N.A. and A.A. sought to mtn. autonomy Europeans sought profit.
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Chapter 1 New World Beginnings, 33,000 B.C.E.–1769 C.E.
II. Peopling the Americas • Cultures Collide • American, European, and African worlds • Core Beliefs and Worlds Views Challenged • N.A. and A.A. sought to mtn. autonomy • Europeans sought profit
III. The Earliest Americans • Agriculture, especially corn growing, accounted for the size and sophistication of the N.A. civilizations in Mexico and South America. • The Pueblo peoples in the Rio Grande valley constructed intricate irrigation systems to water their cornfields. • The Iroquois Confederation developed the political and organizational skills to sustain their own culture. (primary source)
Earliest Americans • While Native Americans did ignite massive forest fires, thereby altering the landscape, ultimately they did not have a huge impact on the land itself. • Native Americans were few in number, therefore the land was largely unaffected. • The coming of the Europeans would create the greatest impact.
IV. Indirect Discoverers of the New World • Initially Europeans sought to explore Africa and Asia, but eventually stumbled upon the New World. • Christian crusades led to the penetration of Asia and the discovery of their goods: silk, perfumes, draperies, spices, and sugar. • But it was costly to acquire such goods and alternative routes would be sought.
V. Europeans Enter Africa • Marco Polo: sojourn in China and his description led to a greater desire for the treasures of the East • Portuguese mariners developed the caravel, a ship that could sail more closely in to the wind and found that they could return by sailing northwesterly from the African coast, where the winds would carry them home.
Europeans Enter Africa • Portuguese began purchasing gold and slaves • In the 15th Century the Portuguese would lead the way for the development of the modern plantation system, based on large-scale commercial agriculture and the wholesale exploitation of slave labor.
Europeans Enter Africa • Spain became united as a result of the marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile • The “infidel” Muslim Moors from Spain were expelled. • Portuguese had a monopoly on Africa and the route to India, therefore Spain was forced to look westward.
The African Slave Trade Docs • I. The Conscience of a Slave Trader (1694) • II. Mungo Park Describes Slavers in the African Interior (c. 1790) • III. A Slave is Taken to Barbados • Annotate • Discuss
VI. Columbus Comes upon a New World • The dawn of the Renaissance in the 14th century sparked the desire for adventure. • The mariner’s compass, helped explorers traverse the dangerous sea with confidence. • With permission, Christopher set sail with three tiny ships and landed on October 12, 1492 in the Bahamas.
Columbus Comes upon a New World • “Its workings touched every shore washed by the Atlantic Ocean. Europe provided the markets, the capital, and the technology; Africa furnished the labor; and the New World offered its raw materials, especially its precious metals and its soil for the cultivation of sugar cane.” p. 14
VII. When Worlds Collide • The flora and fauna of the Old and New Worlds had been separated for thousands of years. • Various resources and diseases were exchanged at unprecedented rates.
VIII. The Spanish Conquistadores • Spain quickly discovered the gold and silver of Indian civilizations in Mexico and Peru. • The Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) divided the land with Portugal. • Portugal received territory in Africa, Asia, and Brazil, while Spain gained the areas of Mexico and Peru.
The Spanish Conquistadors • Francisco Pizarro crushed the Incas of Peru in 1532 • The island of the Caribbean Sea-the West Indies-served as a base for the Spanish invasions of the mainland Americas • Encomienda: allowed the government to commend, or give, Indians to certain colonists in return for the promise to try to Christianize them (a.k.a. “slavery”)
IX. The Conquest of Mexico • Hernan Cortes set sail from Cuba to Mexico to fulfill his thirst for gold. • “We Spanish suffer from a strange disease of the heart, for which the only known remedy is gold.” • Mestizos: people of mixed Indian and European heritage, resulting in a blend of the Old and New World.
X. The Spread of Spanish America • The Spanish invaders did kill, enslave, and transfer disease and infection; however they also created an empire that extended from CA and FL to Tierra del Fuego. They implemented their culture, laws, religion, and language onto the natives and eventually created unique Spanish-speaking nations.
Was Columbus an Imperialist? • Issue Summary • Group A: No • Group B: Yes • 1. Read your perspective and annotate with a partner • Meet with the rest of your group members and record the most important claims of your side. 1 person is the note-taker, everyone else must choose at least 1 claim to present to the “opposite” side. Note-taker records notes to help teammates with the rebuttal. • Each of you must then rebuttal at least 1 point made by the “opposite” side. • Note-Taker presents closing argument
