The Karankawa

2. The Karankawa The Gulf Coastal Plains

3. Location • Settlements near present-day Galveston south to Corpus Christi Bay • nomads • Fall/Winter- near Gulf Coast • Spring/Summer-near rivers and springs on the coastal prairie

4. Shelter • Portable wigwams (circular huts) • Made from bent poles • Covered with animal skin • Floors were covered with reed mats • Could house 7-8 people

5. Food • Hunters and gatherers • Hunters • Men • Wooden bows and arrows to hunt/fish • Fish traps • Dugout canoes • Gatherers • Women • Collected plants, birds’ eggs, shellfish • Rumored to be cannibals- not true • Not for food but for “magic power”

6. Clothing • Men • Some wore nothing • Deer skin around the waist • Women • Skirts of deer skin or grass • Men and women painted themselves with bright colors • Used alligator fat and dirt to repel the insects

7. Culture • Unusually tall • Skeleton found of person 6 feet • Kept dogs similar to coyotes or fox • Name believed to mean dog-lovers • Treated children with kindness • Given 2 names • One was secret which only family members knew • Secret name was thought to carry magic and protection from danger

8. Contact with Europeans • 1500s- Cabeza de Vaca • Feared by Europeans who wanted their land • Diseases killed many • Fought with other groups • Vanished by the mid-1800s

10. The Caddo The Gulf Coastal Plains

11. Caddo Gulf Coastal Plains • Lived in East Texas in the Piney Woods • TEXAS!!! Yup, Texas is a Caddoan word. It means "those who are friends". The Tejas Caddo tribes were all "friends".

12. Shelter • Built two types of home • First was winter home the one to the left. • Had beds & chairs inside. • Second home had no walls but raised off floor to allow cool air in the humid summers.

13. Food • Hunted in the woods around them • Deer, turkey , & other small animals • Were farmers • Corn, beans, & squash

14. Culture • Were a matrilineal society. • Families were traced through the mother. • The older woman in the house made the important decisions. • Made beautiful pottery. • Pottery was rodent proof.

16. Comanche Great & Central Plains

17. Location • Moved to Texas in 1700s after acquiring horses • Drove out other tribes for the land • Jumanos, Apache

18. Shelter • Teepees • Nomadic- covered hundreds of miles a year • Items were lightweight and sturdy(leather and woven basket)-Little pottery • Women would pack up

19. Food • Buffalo • Hunters-gatherers • Men-hunted • Women- gathered plants • On a daily basis women gathered most of the foods.

20. Clothing • Well dressed • Leaders wore European clothing with many silver conchos • Leather boots

21. Culture • Lived in bands headed by a peace chief (older man) • When at war one temporary chief and • War chief- best rider and fighter • Skilled buffalo hunters • Made them wealthy • Traded for goods • Skilled fighters • Controlled most of the plains

22. Horses • 1680- from Spanish and Pueblo Indians • Called “finest light cavalry in the world” • Expert riders and fighters • Used horses to have advantage in fights

23. Contact with Europeans • Traded with Spanish • Came to trade in organized groups • One Comanche who could speak Spanish, French and 4 or 5 languages • One Comanche who was skilled trader and diplomat • Most of what they sold they had stolen • Horses • Kidnapped people whose family would come to buy them back (ransom) • This later would cause big problems with the American settlers • Kept Spanish from moving north- Spanish could not defeat them

26. The Apache Great Plains

27. Location • The Apaches migrated to Texas from way up in Canada. They arrived in the Texas panhandle region sometime around 1528.

28. Shelter •  Apaches were nomadic and lived almost completely off the buffalo. • Several extended families generally stayed together and were led by their most prominent member, who acted as chief advisor and director of group affairs. A number of the groups lived in close proximity and could unite for defensive or offensive purposes, or for social or ceremonial occasions. The leader of the combined groups was the band leader. •  .

29. Food • Hunted buffalo. • They continued to establish rancherías, where they built huts and tended fields of maize, beans, pumpkins, and watermelons. This attempt to improve their source of food was a major cause of their defeat by the Comanches

30. Horses • The Apaches quickly adapted to their use of horses • Hunters with horses  could also follow herds for several days and travel long distances to find herds. All this means that hunting buffalo became an easier way to get food than hunting. So the Apache quit farming and became nomadic hunter gatherers.

31. Movement • The Apache kept spreading farther south until they occupied the Texas Hill Country. This is where the second wave of Spanish explorers found them in the 1700s. • Around 1700 the Comanche came south along the same route the Apaches had followed years before. The Comanche were fierce warriors and chased everyone but the Kiowa out of the whole panhandle -- south plains, region. The Apache were pushed south. 

33. The Jumano Mountains and Basins

34. Location Along the Rio Grande

35. Shelter • Permanent houses of adobe brick • Dried clay • Cool in summer • 30-40 people in house • Flat roofs • Painted black, red, white and yellow stripes on the inside wall • Large villages

36. Food • Grew corn and other crops near river • River would overflow and water fields • Gathered wild plants • Hunted buffalo with bow and arrow

37. Clothing • Animal hide • Softened by beating with stones • Moccasins • Jewelry made from copper, coral and turquoise • Hair • Women- long and tied • Men- short on sides, long in middle and curled with paint, decorated with feathers

38. Culture • Tattooed and painted their faces • Drought in 1500s • Crops died and buffalo moved • Under constant attack by Apache • Eventually joined other Native American groups

39. Contact with Europeans Traded with Spanish

40. The Wichita The Central Plains

41. Wee-Ta-Ra-Sha-Ro, Head Chief of the Wichita. Painted by George Catlin in 1834

42. Location • Along the Red River • Originally from Kansas/Oklahoma moved to Texas 1700s • Lived along creeks and rivers

43. Shelter • Lived in permanent villages • Round house • Made with cedar poles • Covered with dried grass • Very durable • Large • Hole in center for smoke from fire

44. Food • Hunters • Grew beans, corn, melons, and squash • Buffalo • Raw • Did NOT eat fish

45. Clothing • Made from tanned hide • Men • Shirts, loin cloths, leggings, moccasins • Women • Dresses that covered chin to ankle decorated with elk teeth, moccasins

46. Culture • Organized into 4 confederacies • Waco, Taovaya, Tawakoni and the Wichita • Tattooed their bodies • Many and unusual designs • Called selves Kitikiti’sh (raccoon eyes)

47. Contact with Europeans First with Coronado Traded tanned hide disease Later moved to reservation in Oklahoma

50. CoahuiltecanGulf Coastal Plains • Made up of many tribes from South Texas to N.E. Mexico • In Texas from San Antonio to Corpus Christi