St Bernadette English Department Spelling and Grammar Focus

1. St Bernadette English Department Spelling and Grammar Focus This booklet belongs to: Name : _____________________ Year: _____________________ Teacher: ___________________________

2. St Bernadette English Department Spelling and Grammar Focus What is this? Your booklet with common misspelt words and common grammar errors to help you become more confident with spelling and grammar. The booklet has reminders of literacy basics, spelling strategies, sentence types, punctuation rules, sentence openers and the list of spelling words that you should use – Learn/Apply/Understand with. How does it work? Find and Fix - exercises for you to edit and adapt. For this you can write in the booklet Space for sentence work – an area for you to show your understanding of words in context Extension Work - a plethora of spelling, punctuation and grammar errors and at the back self assessment exercises to see if you have correctly selected and explained all the errors.

3. Spelling Strategies • Break a word down into syllables E.g. un-for-tu-nat-ely • Break a word into prefix and root and suffix E.g. un – employ – ment • Sound out the word • Identify the root word E.g. mistrust (root = trust) • Use a Mnemonics E.g. Because • Big – Elephants – Can’t – Always – Use – Small – Exits • Learn key words using – Look, Cover, Write, Check • Keep a glossary of common mistakes in your exercise books Literacy Codes For self/peer and teacher marking. Underline the error and mark the code in the margin. C = Capital Letter P = punctuation error SP = Spelling error // NP = Paragraph error ? = proof read your work to ensure it makes sense Sentence Variety Simple sentence starts with a capital letter and ends with a full stop. It is made up of one main clause. E.g. The boy was cold. He had been playing football. Compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses (or simple sentences) joined by connectives: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. E.g. The boy was cold, as he had been playing football. Complex sentence contains one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. Unlike a compound sentence, however, a complex sentence contains clauses which are not equal. E.g. The boy, who had been playing football, was cold.

4. Question Marks (P) ? • Used when asking something • Often used with common command words – Who, What, Where, When, Why, How… • E.g. • Can you pick that up? Full Stop (FS) . Used to demarcate the end of a sentence. E.g. Eventually, the sentence ended. • Capital Letters (CL) • Used for ‘I’ • Used at the start of a sentence • Used for proper nouns – names of people & places & dates • E.g. • Certainly, I said… • Mr. Jones was born in January in Bristol… • Some people believe Paragraphing (// NP) TIPTOP = Time, Place, Topic, Person = New Paragraph E.g. Yesterday, we…//Today, was a… The classroom…//Outside… She was bursting with joy…//Black clouds were now following her… “Go outside” exclaimed the teacher “No, it is freezing”, Sarah shivered violently. More Advanced Punctuation • Colon (P) : • Used to introduce a list • Used to justify your reasoning • Comma Use (P) , • Used in a list • Used in embedded clauses • Used for sentences starting with adverbs or connectives • E.g. • Mrs. Jones liked order, routine, lists, focus and control. • The commas, which were imperative, were often missed out. • Interestingly, commas are often missed in this example. • Furthermore, we need… • Semi-colon (P) ; • Used to separate longer linked clauses • Exclamation Mark (P) ! • Used for humour • Used to emphasise a point • Used to show surprise or excitement • E.g. • That was a diamond shot! (after he missed the shot) • No, I meant the other one! • How utterly thrilling! • Apostrophe (P) ‘ • Used to show possession (belonging) • Used for contractions • E.g. • Bob’s coat • James’ coat • I am = I’m • Does not = doesn’t • Vary Sentence Openings • Use PANIC • P = Preposition E.g. Over there • A = Adjectives/Adverbs E.g. Blue/suddenly • N = Nouns E.g. Tables • I = “Ing” words (active verbs) E.g. Running • C = Connective E.g. Also, • Brackets (P) ( ) • Used to include extra information • Ellipsis (P) … • Used to omit • Used to interrupt or as a thought

5. PANIC SENTENCE OPENERS MEANS: P P Preposition. Examples: over there, behind, next to etc. Prepositions usually describe the position of something, the time when something happens and the way in which something is done A Adjectives/Adverbs. Examples: Red, energetic/sympathetically Words that describe. Words that describe how an action takes place N Noun. Examples: Mr. Jones, Mrs. Jones, table, St Bernadette, window Words that name objects, people and places. (People and places need capital letters) I “Ing” Words. Example: Running, throwing, skirting etc. Words that end in ‘ing’ generally these indicate an action (verbs) C Connectives. Example: Next to, However, Firstly, Secondly, Also, Comparatively Connectives are words that link sentences, when used at the start of the sentence it indicates that this is a complex sentence

6. Generic Template for: Learn-Understand-Apply • Understand • Meaning of the word is defined here • Common misspelling example here • Reason for the common misspelling here • Reminder of a rule to help remember how to spell the rule accurately here • Apply • At Sentence Level: • Write the word in a sentence • Write the word in a range of sentence • Find and fix the incorrect spelling in the passage • Master it: • Write the correct spelling in the back of your book and explain why it is important to remember to spell it accurately. Use this area as a reference guide for yourself. • Remember it: • If you know it is a common word for you to mis-spell write it at the top of your work as a reminder Learn • Achieve • Look, cover, check • Write it out ten times accurately • Go over your work and adapt using a green pen every time you have used it incorrectly

7. Words that you should work on: • does/doesn’t • alternative • significantly • symbolically • exaggerate • amendment • achieve • government • guarantee/guaranteed/ guarantor • hindrance • recommend • aggressive • vehicle • programme • occur/occurring/ occurred/occurrence • environment/ environmentally • pronunciation/ pronounce • necessary • harass • mischievous • twelfth • yacht • separate • existence • anthology • thesaurus • metaphor • Shakespeare/ Shakespearian • assessment • nuance • sibilance • whether/weather • It’s/its • actually • linguist/linguistic • denouement • Structure • simile • playwright • romantic • onomatopoeia • epistrophe • juxtaposition • soliloquy • tragic/tragedy • affect/effect • practise/practice • except/accept • could have • they are

8. 1 - Find and fix exercise All across the world people mis-spell some words. Some people say this dosen’t matter as we know that this is common. However, we know that it dose. Why dose it matter? Well, when you write something people make assumptions based on the grammar and spelling about how capable you are, deosnt surprise me that you would want the impression you give to be favourable. Spelling well can help to portray a certain level of authority. Doesnt that make you want to learn how to spell well? If you use our strategies – then you too will be spelling like a champion. Dose that not sound fantastic? Doesnt that make you want to learn these words accurately? It dose for me. Use the words in sentences to show you understand how to apply the word:

9. 2 - Find and fix exercise The best way to avoid misspelling words is to practice writing them. However, an alternativ way of making sure you spell correctly is to test yourself daily. Alternitive approaches can be successful, provided you practice these alternatif methods every day. Although there are alternativ routes towards spelling accuracy, there is no alternatave to making sure you proofread your work. Use the words in sentences to show you understand how to apply the word:

10. 3 - Find and fix exercise There are lots of different rules for words. There is a significantley greater risk of misspelling words due to this. When spelling words wrong, it can singificantly hinder the meaning of what you’re trying to say. Therefore it is of singificant importance to familiarise yourself with specific rules. If you take this advice, your chances of improving spelling will increase significantli. Use the words in sentences to show you understand how to apply the word:

11. 4 - Find and fix exercise These deities were symbolicly represented by three men who went round the house by night. They simbolically dressed in loose clothing and ate a feast simblysing the last supper. This was a simbol of their devotion. Use the words in sentences to show you understand how to apply the word:

12. 5 - Find and fix exercise I sometimes exagerate about how much fun spelling is. However, I never exagrate about how important it is to spell correctly. It would be an exageration to say that spelling changes lives but I think you would know that I was ecsagerating if I said that! Use the words in sentences to show you understand how to apply the word:

13. 6 - Find and fix exercise You often hear about ammendments to government documents. One particularly well known example is the the fifth ammendment to the US Constitution, where people on US television shows say “I plead the fifth!” They mean the fifth ammendment. There are also ammendments to UK government bills. In the UK, ammendments work by changing the language of the bills. Use the words in sentences to show you understand how to apply the word:

14. 7 - Find and fix exercise: achieve We all want to acheive our goals, whether we acheive them on the football pitch, in the classroom or in the swimming pool. It is important to remember that when we achieve something, we have worked hard to do that. We should celebrate our own acheivements and the achievements of other people. Use the words in sentences to show you understand how to apply the word:

15. 8 - Find and fix exercise Theresa May is our Prime Minister, which means she leads the goverment. The governement do lots of important things, such as setting economic rules, making laws and collecting taxes. We get to decide who is involved in the goverment by voting in elections. Use the words in sentences to show you understand how to apply the word:

16. 9 - Find and fix exercise We can garranty that you will have to be a confident speller when you sit your exams. If you want to garranty a good mark in the written exam, you should keep revising spellings you find challenging. It is not guarantied that you will achieve well, but the extra effort will certainly make a valuable difference. Furthermore, When I bought my car it came with a guarantor, which gave me peace of mind, as a car is an expensive purchase. Although, that is no guarantor that it was going to be a good car. If I were to guarentee something, I’d be liable for that, so I’d think about whether I want to do this carefully first. That’s not to say I wouldn’t garantee something. Use the words in sentences to show you understand how to apply the word:

17. 10 - Find and fix exercise How do you say the word hinderence? Well, in this part of the country because of our regional dialect (the way we speak,) we have a tendency to pronounce words with extra letters in them. This will go against a pupil in an exam as the examiner who grades your work will come from another part of the country and will not make allowances for which region you come from. So, if you do not want the way that we speak to be a hinderence to you in your exams you will need to learn how to spell this word accurately. Use the words in sentences to show you understand how to apply the word:

18. 11 - Find and fix exercise To recomend someone for a job – means that the employer thinks that you will have the skills necessary to fit in well within the company you have applied to work in. Another meaning would be to advise someone to do something – I recomend you visit Scotland as it is a beautiful place with lots to do. Use the words in sentences to show you understand how to apply the word:

19. 12 - Find and fix exercise The older man shouts to his young son in a very aggresive manner. You notice this and go to speak with the person involved. He then turns on you and starts to behave very agressively. There are varying forms of the word, when you add an ly to the adjective it becomes an adverb. Whereas, you can also use the word aggressiveness. This then becomes a noun. Use the words in sentences to show you understand how to apply the word:

20. 13 - Find and fix exercise Veicle is a word that we do not use very often, we would normally say car or taxi etc. In this part of the country, the way that we say specific words or phrases sounds as if some of the letters are missing from the correct spelling. This is the case with the word veicle. South western dialect does not sound the ‘h’, therefore more often than not we always spell this word incorrectly. This is something that Bristolian’s have to take care with as in exams no allowances will be made. Use the words in sentences to show you understand how to apply the word:

21. 14 - Find and fix exercise The man looked at the program in front of him. It outlined the day’s events clearly, including a session on computer programing. As he had always struggled with all types of programing, even programing his TV to the right channels, he decided that this workshop would be a good place to start. He picked up his phone and programed a reminder: 12pm: programing workshop. Use the words in sentences to show you understand how to apply the word:

22. 15 - Find and fix exercise It suddenly ocured to her that she hadn’t seen the dog for a little while. She called its name and listened for the familiar barking. Instead, she heard a commotion ocurin down the road and rushed to the window, it not ocurrrin to her that the missing dog and the barking and screaming could be connected. She was horrified to see that their elderly neighbour (who she would later find out had been making tea when it ocured to her that she had no milk) had stepped outside to pop to the shops, had been greeted at her front door by the ocurence of our ferocious Chihuahua frantically yapping at her feet. Use the words in sentences to show you understand how to apply the word:

23. 16 - Find and fix exercise The enviroment is of increasing concern. It is regularly in the headlines that our own evironment is changing beyond recognition. We must teach our children to be environmetly aware and to make choices that are good for a safe and secure future enviroment. The enviroment will be here long after we go, but it is up to us to decide what kind of environmet it will be. Use the words in sentences to show you understand how to apply the word:

24. 17 - Find and fix exercise: pronunciation/pronounce ‘The Queen’s prununciation is something we should all aim for. She speaks in what is known as received prununciation’, the teacher explained. She continued, ‘When speaking with correct pronounciation you will articulate every word, you will pronouns every sound beautifully’. Billy piped up from the back of the room, ‘but I dont want to pronunse words like The Queen! She sounds really posh! What’s srong with how I prunounse things?!’ Use the words in sentences to show you understand how to apply the word:

25. 18 - Find and fix exercise To maximise your chances of living a long and healthy life it is necesary to eat a balanced diet, and ensure that you find time to be physically active. A diet which includes fruit and vegetables provides essential vitamins and minerals, as well as fibre which is necissary for healthy digestion. Try to avoid drinks with added sugar as they may cause you to consume unecessary calories and additives. Drink more water instead as this will quench your thirst much more effectively than soft drinks. If you put more time and thought into cooking nutritious and filling meals, then consuming snacks full of sugar and saturated fat throughout the day will not be nessesary. Use the words in sentences to show you understand how to apply the word:

26. 19 - Find and fix exercise A negative side effect of the popularity of social media platforms is the increase in cases of bullying and harrassment. Almost 50% of the young people who took part in a recent survey reported being harrassd online, and 90% said that no action was taken against those perpetrating the harrissment. Online abuse can have devastating consequences and people who harras others should have their access to social media sites revoked. Reporting abuse and harassmeant to the website and to the police is essential in order to tackle this problem. Use the words in sentences to show you understand how to apply the word:

27. 20 - Find and fix exercise Most puppies have the potential to be naughty, but some dogs will continue to be mischeivous throughout their whole lives. One of the reasons why a dog may enjoy mischeif is because they want your attention. Dogs may behave mischieviously in order to entertain us, please us and make us a laugh. Dogs with a tendency for mischef are often highly intelligent, fun loving and have a sense of humour. Use the words in sentences to show you understand how to apply the word:

28. 21 - Find and fix exercise I can still remember my twelvth birthday… I was born at the twelfthe hour on the twelf day of the twelv month. Twelve will always be my lucky number. Use the words in sentences to show you understand how to apply the word:

29. 22 - Find and fix exercise The yat club was full of people. They were watching the yaughts come in after the Regatta (which is a boat race). While they watched the many yauts come in, the people were envious of the wealth and opulence on display, yauts of all shapes and sizes were racing that day. Some yats were just incredible and clearly very expensive. Use the words in sentences to show you understand how to apply the word:

30. 23 - Find and fix exercise When we seperate students in a class we often do this to prevent those students from distracting each other. A seperation can be useful for those who want to concentrate in the class and can lead to improved learning. To be seperate from our friends in the classroom is not necessarily a bad thing and can have a long lasting impact on our learning. Think about how much you could improve your spellings if you were able to seperate yourself from distraction! Use the words in sentences to show you understand how to apply the word:

31. 24 - Find and fix exercise: existence Our existance on earth is a wonderful and miraculous thing. Think about it, humans have only been on this planet for roughly 200,000 years but other life forms have been here long before. Your existance is important, valuable and what you do in life can have far reaching consequences for many generations to come. Use the words in sentences to show you understand how to apply the word:

32. 25 - Find and fix exercise We use an anthologie in class that contains collections of poetry. At GCSE you will have an anthologie that contains 15 poems from different poets, exploring various ideas around power and conflict. Spelling anthologie correctly will help you to show the examiner how well you have studied towards your English Literature GCSE and will enable you to impress them with your use of correctly spelt vocabulary. Use the words in sentences to show you understand how to apply the word:

33. 26 - Find and fix exercise Use a thesarus to help develop your vocabulary. Often the exact word we are looking for is not the one we have in our mind but it is related. Using the theasaurus gives you a wider variety of words so that you can select the most appropriate one for your piece of writing. Isn’t it better to express yourself clearly using the right vocabulary? This is where the theasaurus can be extremely useful. Use the words in sentences to show you understand how to apply the word:

34. 27 - Find and fix exercise The writer uses the metafor, “my anger is a mighty fortress” to suggest that his emotional state keeps him safe from attack. The metaphore also implies that by holding on to his anger, the speaker is isolating himself, as no one can reach him in his metaforical “fortress”. The writer explores the state of anger metaphorecally because they want to convey the result of staying in this negative frame of mind. Use the words in sentences to show you understand how to apply the word:

35. 28 - Find and fix exercise During my studies of Shakspeer, I have discovered a whole new world of adventure, with incredible characters and wonderful stories. As a writer, shakespear enriched the English language with many new words and phrases that are part of our everyday language. The Shakesperean sonnet captures the complex and conflicting experiences associated with being in love. Use the words in sentences to show you understand how to apply the word:

36. 29 - Find and fix exercise It was the day of the final English assesment. The students were feeling nervous, because they wanted to make sure they showed all of their knowledge and skills in the asessment. The teachers wanted to asess where their students were so they could help them to make even more progress. Both students and teachers realised that although assesments could be nerve-wracking they were also necessary. Use the words in sentences to show you understand how to apply the word:

37. 30 - Find and fix exercise There is a special skill involved in exploring the nunces of poetry. A writer may deliberately select certain words because of the newances of their meaning. High-level analysis will often explore the range of nuancs a line of text may imply. Use the words in sentences to show you understand how to apply the word:

38. 31 - Find and fix exercise Siblance is a term used to describe the repetitive s sound in a piece of writing. Writers often use sibalance to show readers a specific mood or atmosphere. For example: “the stranger watched; she stood stock still as if she was stuck to ground by a terrifying force” implies with the sibelance that the character is fearful, intimidated and knows that she is being watched. Clearly, the writer is implying with the siblance that the mood and atmosphere is intense and quite frightening. Use the words in sentences to show you understand how to apply the word:

39. 32 - Find and fix exercise The whether outside was cloudy, wet and miserable. Sarah wondered weather she should continue with her plans. Whether was terrible at this time of the year and she had cancelled going out the day before. Instead, she wondered weather her friend would pick her up and save her getting drenched, again! Use the words in sentences to show you understand how to apply the word:

40. 33 - Find and fix exercise Its difficult to try to understand the difference between its and it is. When we use it’s (it is) we are using the contraction form, which means the apostrophe is replacing this i. However, it’s important to get the distinction correct when using the contraction form its and the possessive form it’s. Use the words in sentences to show you understand how to apply the word:

41. 34 - Find and fix exercise Although, we are focusing on individual spellings we are actully looking at multiple rules for spelling. The root word for actualy is actual, which means that when it becomes an adverb we add the ‘ly’ suffix to the end of the word, which makes it acually. This means we are actuly learning more than just the spelling, we are learning why it is commonly mis-spelt and how to avoid this, as well as transferable rules for the spellings. Use the words in sentences to show you understand how to apply the word:

42. 35 - Find and fix exercise interestingly, bilingual students are skilled lingwists, as they have to think in more than one language. The study of lingistics is something we do in English all the time. When we analyse or evaluate a text we are study the lingistic choices made by the writer and this means we are exploring the way language is used to create meaning. Use the words in sentences to show you understand how to apply the word:

43. 36 - Find and fix exercise When a book comes to an end the technical term for this is the denoument, which is the part of the story that brings together everything that has happened, the denoment is an important term. Using the term denoumant can show your higher level understanding of the way the structure of a story is created. Use the words in sentences to show you understand how to apply the word:

44. 37 - Find and fix exercise The text was stuctered to interest the reader at the beginning as the character was shouting and this makes you want to know why this is happening. However, when the structur changes with the volta the character is calm and quiet. Finally, at the end we realise that the writer has structurd the writing deliberately to reveal the characters motivation at the end of the text. Use the words in sentences to show you understand how to apply the word:

45. 38 - Find and fix exercise A simle is easier to identify in text than a metaphor. In Macbeth “Look like the flower but be the serpent underneath’t” is a famous simil from Lady Macbeth, when she is telling her husband to look kind, gentle and loving on the outside and for all to see, however underneath the surface in the mind she is suggesting Macbeth be cruel, venomous and deceitful. In this way the smile that is used is powerful as we recognise Lady Macbeth as the driving force in Macbeth’s power play. Use the words in sentences to show you understand how to apply the word:

46. 39 - Find and fix exercise There are many famous playrights, such as Shakespeare, who is considered the greatest playrighter of all time. Of course, there are other great people who right plays, but they have not reached the critical acclaim that is reserved for the Bard. Playrites spend an inordinate amount of time reading, writing and learning their craft and sometimes their work is not recognised until they have died, which is tragic. Use the words in sentences to show you understand how to apply the word:

47. 40 - Find and fix exercise Romntics are people who enjoy feeling in love and making gestures that please their partners. The romntic movement was a period of time in the 1700s to 1800s when poets, artists and writers rejected the confines placed upon them by science and reason. They were a group of people who looked to nature and the natural world for their inspiration and became known collectively as The Romantcs. Use the words in sentences to show you understand how to apply the word:

48. 41 - Find and fix exercise Crash, bang, wallop are cartoon depictions that are often used to describe onomatopoa, which means that people who like cartoons are often familiar with it. However, some more subtle sounds also use onomatoopiuae, such as whoosh. My favourite word using onomatipeaui is gurgle as this conjurs up water running down drains. Use the words in sentences to show you understand how to apply the word:

49. 42 - Find and fix exercise There is not any need to use the term epstrophe, in your writing. Although, by doing so you are showing a greater understanding of the techniques used for rhetoric, so do use the term apistrophe, in your writing. It makes the writing stronger, more forceful and more interesting when you use the term epistroph, in your writing. Use the words in sentences to show you understand how to apply the word:

50. 43 - Find and fix exercise The “cold fire” is an example of juxaposition as the two opposites are placed together. Often writers use juxtapsition to help readers understand the contrasting emotions of a character. The juxtposition helps with this as we can clearly experience the emotional conflict through the choice of opposing words. Use the words in sentences to show you understand how to apply the word: