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Managing Seed Quality in PEI Mussel Aquaculture

Explore seed quality in PEI mussel aquaculture industry, focusing on M. edulis vs. M. trossulus, genetic heterozygosity impact, aquaculture factors affecting seed quality, and growth performance indicators. The study delves into the challenges and management strategies for maintaining seed quality.

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Managing Seed Quality in PEI Mussel Aquaculture

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  1. Mussel Aquaculture in Prince Edward Island Canada: Managing Seed Quality andAquatic Invasive Species. T. Landry, A. Smith, N. McNair and J. Davidson Aquatic Health Division Fisheries and Oceans Canada Gulf Fisheries Centre, Moncton NB Oceans and Science Branch

  2. Gulf of St. Lawrence (southern)

  3. PEI Mussel Landings & Values 1980 - 2006 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 Year mt 000's $ PEI Mussel Industry

  4. PEI Mussel Industry • Relatively new industry, beginnings in mid 1980 • PEI ; 80% of the mussel market N. America • 2006: • 127 growers • 295 leases • 10,000 acres • Production 38 million pounds ($22.8 million) • 7 Processing plants (4 > 2,000 mt) • 1,500 employed

  5. PEI Mussel Industry: Seed

  6. PEI Mussel Industry: Grow out

  7. Exploration Development Managt Mussel Production: Capacity

  8. R&D for the Mussel Aquaculture Industry in PEI.

  9. Seed Quality M. edulis vs. M. trossulus Cultured vs. Wild

  10. Seed Quality: • M. trossulus • 1st reports in Atlantic Canada; mi-80’s • Ubiquitous distribution in Atlantic Canada.

  11. Seed Quality: M. trossulus Example of gel results for ITSR2 and Me1516 loci multiplexed for high throughput species identification in mussels Lane ITSR2 Me15/16 M Marker 1 M. edulis M. edulis 2 M. trossulus M. trossulus 3 Hybrid Hybrid 4 M. trossulus M. trossulus 5 M. trossulus M. trossulus 6 M. trossulus Hybrid 7 Hybrid Hybrid 8 M. trossulus Hybrid 9 M. trossulus M. trossulus 10 M. trossulus Hybrid

  12. M. trossulus: Distribution • Spatial and temporal variation • Annual: variable • Macro-geographical: stable • Micro-geographical: highly variable • Environmental profile • Temperature  • Salinity   • Tidal (air exposure) ? • Wave exposure  • Water depths ?

  13. M. trossulus: Aquaculture • Shell • Thickness • Shape • Colour • Breakage > 10% • Meat yield • Lower • Long post-spawning recovery • Count per weight unit

  14. Basal metabolism / routine (%) Scope for growth (J/h/g) Mortality (%) 10 months Growth (cm) 10 months Species M. edulis Pure 21,3 ± 16,7 85 ± 81,7 29,1 ± 19 0,72 ± 1,04 M. edulis Dominant 14,1 ± 8,4 66,5 ± 27,6 18 ± 11,2 1,20 ± 0,92 Mix of 2 species 11,3 ± 9,2 49,6 ± 36,2 24,6 ± 3,9 1,08 ± 1,54 Heterozygosity Without deficit 7,9 ± 9,0 71,7 ± 66,4 12,1 ± 0,7 1,47 ± 0,48 In deficit 13,7 ± 8,9 68,5 ± 43,4 11,6 ± 13 1,05 ± 0,87 Largely in deficit 33,7 ± 10,2 37,1 ± 26,9 50 ± 1,4 0,57 ± 0,26 M. trossulus: Aquaculture R. Tremblay

  15. Quality; genetic HE = calculated heterozygosity, HO = observed heterozygosity, D= level of deficit in heterozygositie, DH = Degree of heterozygosity Sites He Ho D 2 1 1 0,49 0,25 -3,06 Cultured mussels 6 2 0,55 0,33 -2,62 7 0,48 0,21 -2,98 5 8 0,47 0,29 -3,29 4 9 0,44 0,30 -2,56 10 0,49 0,32 -2,47 3 11 0,50 0,31 -2,63 Wild mussels 3 0,57 0,55 -0,13 11 4 0,49 0,44 -0,87 12 9 8 10 7 5 0,46 0,39 -0,95 6 0,46 0,37 -1,69 12 0,52 0,42 -1,14 13 0,49 0,44 -1,04 15 14 0,49 0,41 -0,90 15 0,51 0,43 -0,87 14 13

  16. Heterozygosity? • Heterozygosity has been shown to be an indicator for the performance of a stock • Link between heterozygosity and physiological fitness well documented in several molluscan species including the blue mussel

  17. Heterozygosity:The condition of having one or more pairs of dissimilar alleles. BB AA Population level AA BB AA BB BB AA 0% Heterozygosity AA AA BB BB AB BB BB AA 50% Heterozygosity AA AB BA BA AB BA AB BA 100% Heterozygosity AB AB BA BA

  18. • Mannose phosphate isomerase ( MPI ) => 3 • Glucose phosphate isomerase ( GPI ) => 6 • Phosphoglucomutase ( PGM ) => 4 • Leucine aminopeptidase ( LAP ) => 4 • Octopine dehydrogenase ( ODH ) => 3 • Esterase -1 ( Est-1 ) => 4 • Esterase -2 ( Est-2 ) => 3 Quality; genetic • Variability measured by proteins electrophorese • 1) Measured differences in alleles distribution between stocks of mussels. • 2) Measured differences in genotype distribution between stocks of mussels, particularly with the level of heterozygosity in mussels stocks.

  19. Quality; genetic St. Peters Bay Tracadie Bay Morell River Mill River Winter Bay Enmore Bay West River Bedeque Bay

  20. St. Peters Bay Mill River Tracadie Bay Morell River Winter Bay Enmore Bay West River Bedeque Bay Quality; genetic Genetic variability (hetrozygosity) of mussels M. edulis in PEI.

  21. St. Peters Bay Quality; genetic Effect of treatment on heterozygosity of juvenile mussels in St-Peters Bay.

  22. Quality; genetic Genetic of mussels after 10 months in the field. St-Peters Bay Tracadie Bay New London Bay

  23. Quality; genetic Survival of juvenile mussels from St-Peters Bay at 3 experimental sites. Air = 43% Temp. = 42% Control = 28% St. Peter’s Bay (40%) New London Bay (45%) Tracadie Bay (31%)

  24. Quality; genetic Growth (10 months) of treated juvenile mussels at 3 experimental sites. St. Peters Bay New London Bay Tracadie Bay 40 40 40 35 35 35 30 30 30 A C T A C T A C T

  25. Exploration Development Managt Mussel Production: Capacity

  26. Tracadie Bay Lease (acres) 1,600 800 160 New London Bay St Peter’s Bay DFO Leasing

  27. 1990 DFO Leasing

  28. 2000 DFO Leasing

  29. Reduced Productivity? Impact on production

  30. Impact on productivity Cohort 2,500 1995 2,000 1996 1997 1,500 Biomass (t) 1998 1,000 500 0 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 Time (month)

  31. Standardized Monitoring Objectives • Monitor shellfish aquaculture production • Monitor spatial and temporal variation in mollusc productivity

  32. 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 Level 1 Plastic coated metal 4 32 ... 3 ... 2 5 1 Shell length Temperature logger umbo

  33. 29 Stocking Density (socks/100m2) in 2003 15 15 17 31 44 15 13 21 20 35 23 18 35 20 23

  34. Mussel Growth

  35. Mussel Growth

  36. Tunicate species (solitary) • Origin • W Pacific (Korea) • sGSL (1st report) • 1998 (Brudenell River, PEI) • Reproduction • July-October (>15 C)

  37. Tunicate species (colonial) • Origin • N-W Pacific (Japan) • sGSL (1st report) • 2004 (Savage Harbour, PEI)

  38. Tunicate species (colonial) • Origin • Europe • sGSL(1st report) • 2001 (St. Peters Bay, PEI)

  39. Murray River Tunicate species (solitary) • Origin • N Atlantic (Europe) • sGSL (1st report) • 2004 (Montague River, PEI)

  40. PRESENCE Early Detection ESTABLISHMENT Rapid Response SPREAD INVASIVE Mitigation NUISSANCE Ecological and Economical Impacts

  41. AIS Monitoring : Directed (plates) • Objectives • Early detection • Vectors • Effect of mitigation • Evolution of spread

  42. AIS Monitoring: Stewardship • Objectives • Early detection • Frequent observation • Education • Buy-in • CLEARING HOUSE • Identification • Specimen collection • Validation • Training • COORDINATION • Who do you call? • Data gathering • Education • Communication

  43. Invasive tunicate in Atlantic CanadaImpacts • Compete for food and space • Add weight and increase drop-off • Increase production cost • Increase cost of processing • Hard on employees

  44. Mitigation measures(in part funded by the Development Fund) Chemical(lime dipping and spraying) Physical(high pressure spray)

  45. Mitigation measures(in part funded by the Development Fund) Biological(predation) Husbandry(socking density and re-socking)

  46. Invasive tunicate in Atlantic CanadaMitigation: Chemical

  47. Invasive tunicate in Atlantic CanadaMitigation: Physical

  48. Invasive tunicate in Atlantic CanadaMitigation: Physical

  49. Methods and Materials: Marker development: • Seven nuclear loci (18S (Kenchington et al., 1995), Glu 5’ (Heath et al.,1995), ITS (Heath et al., 1995), MAL-I (Rawson et al., 1996), PLIIa (Heath et al., 1995), mac-1 (Bierne et al., 2003a; Bierne et al., 2003b), EFbis (Bierne et al., 2003a; Bierne et al., 2003b) and seven microsatellite loci Mgu1, Mgu2, Mgu3, Mgu4, Mgu5, Mgu6 and Mgu7 (Presa et al., 2002) were evaluated for their use in species identification mussels from Atlantic Canada • Species identification markers were tested on pedigreed mussel crosses (developed by E. Kenchinton’s group DFO, BIO (Kenchington et al., 2002)). o X102K (M. edulis ♀) x J17F (M. edulis ♂) o 04WF01T (M. trossulus ♀) x J17F (M. edulis ♂) o X102K (M. edulis ♀) x 01WM05T (hybrid ♂) o 02WF01T (M. trossulus ♀) x 01WM05T (hybrid ♂). • ITS optimization: o Cloned and sequenced PCR products from M. edulis, M. trossulus and hybrid individuals o Relocated PCR primer to eliminate small bands that interfere with interpretation (Figure 1) • Glu5’ optimization: o Tested other primers for the polyphenolic adhesive protein (Me15 (Inoue et al., 1995), Me16 (Inoue et al., 1995) and Me17 (Bierne et al., 2003) Conclusions: • ITSR2 and Me15/16 provide a higher throughput method for species identification in mussels. o The methods used were suitable for small mussels (<5mm) • This modified method was suitable for high throughput species identification o We were able to process 659 individual mussels from 11 locations at two loci (ITSR2 and Me15/16)

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