Hawaii: 2020

1. Hawaii: 2020 Presented by Alex Waegelfor Team Cake B

2. Current Energy Production and Use • Most of the energy for both electricity and transportation comes from fossil fuels, primarily petroleum. • Hawaii generates 11.0 TWh electricity each year (30 TWh of fossil fuels are burned) • 9.0 TWh comes from petroleum • 1.5 TWh comes from coal • 0.5 TWh comes from a mix of renewables (Geothermal, hydroelectric, wind) • Hawaii uses 17.4 TWh of energy on personal vehicle transportation • This all comes from petroleum

4. Cost of Current Energy System • Hawaiians spend a total of $5.4 billion to meet their energy needs • $0.35/kWh for electricity, $3.8 billion total • $0.088/kWh for gasoline (~$3/gal), $1.4 billion total • These costs are prohibitively high compared to the continental U.S. • This makes all renewable options cost competetive

5. CO2 Emissions in Current System • Total Emissions = 28.7 million tons CO2 • 18.5 million tons for electrical generation • 15 million tons from petroleum • 3.5 million tons from coal • 10.2 million tons for transportation • All from petroleum

6. Energy Production in 2020 • Due to the high cost of conventional energy on Hawaii and the abundance of renewable energy, a great deal of renewable energy sources are added • 1,850 MW of Solar PV • 1,000 MW of Wind Turbines (Offshore, Floating) • 500 MW of Geothermal • 100 MW of Wave / Tidal

7. Production and Cost of New Capacity • Solar • Size: 1,850 MW • Initial Cost: $6.5 billion • Generates: 2.7 TWh / year • Estimated Cost of Elec: $0.10 / kWh • Estimated Annual Cost: $270 million • Wind • Size: 1,000 MW • Initial Cost: $1.0 billion • Generates: 4.2 TWh / year • Estimated Cost of Elec: $0.06 / kWh • Estimated Annual Cost: $252 million

8. Production and Cost of New Capacity • Geothermal • Size: 500 MW • Initial Cost: $2.3 billion • Generates: 3.9 TWh / year • Estimated Cost of Elec: $0.03 / kWh • Estimated Annual Cost: $117 million • Wave / Tidal • Size: 100 MW • Initial Cost: $0.25 billion • Generates: 0.45 TWh / year • Estimated Cost of Elec: $0.05 / kWh • Estimated Annual Cost: $23 million

9. Two 2020 Scenarios • Given the inability of grids to handle > 20% intermittent electrical generation the wind will be primarily devoted to meeting transportation needs. • Scenario 1: Hydrogen Generation via Electrolysis • Scenario 2: Battery Charging of Electric Vehicles • These lead to different energy breakdowns and costs

10. Hydrogen Generation Via Electrolysis • Wind Generates 4.2 TWh / year • This becomes 110 million kg of H2 • The efficiency of creating the H2 and using it in the FCV is 40.5% • This displaces 59% of the petroleum used in the transport sector for personal vehicles • The hydrogen is estimated to cost $4.50/kg • Still Rely on 7.1 TWh of petroleum to supply the remainder of the personal transportation needs

12. Additional Cost of Hydrogen System • Assumptions • Will use on site electrolyzers • Will store hydrogen as compressed gas • There will be 45 stations converted to carry H2 • Very low cost of $30,000 / fuel cell for vehicle • 720,000 vehicles will be FCV • Costs • Electrolyzer: $2.53 million / station • Compresser: $2.00 million / station • Storage Tank: $9.00 million / station • Total Costs for all Stations: $609 million • Total Cost for FCVs: $21.6 BILLION

13. CO2 Emissions in Hydrogen System • Total Emissions = 9.7 million tons CO2 • 5.5 million tons for electrical generation • 2.0 million tons from petroleum • 3.5 million tons from coal • 4.2 million tons for transportation • All from petroleum

14. Battery Charging of Electric Vehicles • Wind Generates 4.2 TWh / year • Due to the much higher overall efficiency (81%) of the cycle of charging and discharging the batteries, this amount of wind energy is more than enough to displace all of the petroleum needs for transport • 3.87 TWh goes to battery charging • 0.35 TWh goes to the grid

16. Additional Cost of Electric Vehicle System • Costing this scenario presents difficulties due to uncertain costs of the vehicles • Just looking at the cost of battery systems for the vehicles, which we assume have twice the capacity of the Chevy Volt (32kWh) • Cost for 1.2 million cars (total number in HI) • $300/kWh cost for batteries (future cost) • $11.5 billion for all vehicles

17. CO2 Emissions in Electric Car System • Total Emissions = 4.9 million tons CO2 • 4.9 million tons for electrical generation • 1.4 million tons from petroleum • 3.5 million tons from coal • 0.0 million tons for transportation • All transportation energy comes from wind

18. Final Costs and Emissions

19. Conclusions • Renewable energy sources can significantly reduce Hawaii’s dependence on foreign oil without excessive cost • Hydrogen from renewables has potential, but requires significant capital investment in infrastructure for statewide implementation • Hawaii’s high cost of electricity makes it the ideal place for the application hydrogen and other renewable alternatives as they are all comparatively economical.

20. Conclusions • Of the two choices for 2020, using wind power to charge electric vehicles superior • Costs less • Reduces emission to a greater extent • Due to being on islands, trip distances are by default relatively short, and will not exceed the range of the electric vehicles • Allows for a zero emission transportation system • Using the intermittent power source to charge vehicles keeps the share of intermittent sources providing electrical power to a minimum

21. Conclusions • Cons to Electric Vehicle System • Relies on development of a smart grid • This would be an advantageous development for other reasons, but represents a significant infrastructure improvement and potentially high costs

22. Thank You! The End! Questions?