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Nervous Systems

Explore how different sensory receptors respond to stimuli, the brain's neurological processing, and the evolution of vertebrate nervous systems. Learn about CNS, PNS, sensory receptors, reflexes, vertebrate brain regions, and human brain development.

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Nervous Systems

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  1. Nervous Systems

  2. You must know • Different sensory receptors respond to various types of input. • The brain serves as a master neurological center for processing information and directing responses. • Different regions of the brain have different functions. • Structures and associated function for animal brains are products of evolution, and increasing complexity follow evolutionary lines. • How the vertebrate brain integrates information, which leads to an appropriate response.

  3. Evolution of Nervous Systems

  4. Vertebrate Nervous System • Central nervous system (CNS): brain + spinal cord • Peripheral nervous system (PNS): transmits info to/from the CNS • Ganglia: clusters of neurons that act as relay points to transmit info

  5. Connecting the CNS and PNS

  6. Peripheral Nervous System Peripheral nervous system Somatic nervous system Autonomic nervous system Parasympathetic division Enteric division Sympathetic division

  7. Sensory vs. Motor Division

  8. Sensory Receptors • Mechanoreceptors: physical stimuli – pressure, touch, stretch, motion, sound • Thermoreceptors: detect heat/cold • Chemoreceptors: transmit solute conc. info – taste (gustatory), smell (olfactory) • Electromagnetic receptors: detect EM energy – light (photoreceptors), electricity, magnetism • Pain receptors: respond to excess heat, pressure, chemicals

  9. Chemoreceptors: antennae of male silkworm moth have hairs sensitive to sex pher0mones released by the female Eye Infrared receptor This rattlesnake and other pit vipers have a pair of infrared receptors, one between each eye and nostril. The organs are sensitive enough to detect the infrared radiation emitted by a warm mouse a meter away. Some migrating animals, such as these beluga whales, apparently sense Earth’s magnetic field and use the information, along with other cues, for orientation.

  10. Stimulus – Response

  11. Sensory receptors STIMULUS  Sensory neurons Interneurons Effector organ (muscles, glands) Motor neurons  RESPONSE

  12. Reflexes • Simple, automatic nerve circuit in response to a stimulus • Conscious thought NOT required • Reflex arc: • Stimulus detected by receptor • Sensory neuron • Interneuron (spinal cord or brain stem) • Motor neuron • Response by effector organ (muscles, glands)

  13. Knee-jerk reflex

  14. The Vertebrate Brain

  15. Vertebrate brain is regionally specialized Major Regions: forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

  16. Brain Development

  17. Human Brain

  18. Human Brain

  19. Brainstem

  20. Human Brain

  21. Grey matter:neuron cell bodies, unmyelinated axonsWhite matter:fatty, myelinated axons Cerebrum

  22. Thalamus: main center sensory/motor info passes to and from cerebrum • Hypothalamus regulates homeostasis • feeding, fighting, fleeing, reproducing, thermostat, thirst, appetite, circadian rhythms • Releases hormones that affect pituitary

  23. Human Brain

  24. Cerebellum

  25. Cerebral cortex controls voluntary movement and cognitive functions

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