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Work Management Basics

Learn the objective of work management, subsystems, memory pools, CL commands, and how to optimize tasks on the System i platform. Enhance your understanding of job priorities, system resources, and user interactions.

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Work Management Basics

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  1. Introduction to System i for Computer Professionals Work Management Basics Module 7

  2. Module Objectives After completing this module, you should be able to: • Describe the objective of work management • Describe job/thread • Describe what a subsystem is and its relationship to a job • Describe the difference between memory pools and auxiliary storage pools • Define a subsystem description and the information it contains • Describe CL commands that are used to work with work management

  3. Why? • Objective of System i Work Management • Manage tasks: • Prioritize • Improve response time • Improve system throughput • Allocate resources: • Processor cycles • Memory • Need to know? • Better manage System i system • Manage tasks: • Status • Problem determination • Prerequisite for performance tuning

  4. Why? Understand how the system functions • Who is using the system? • User name • Initial • Current • What are they doing? • Objects in use • Programs • Data files • Type of applications • Host-centric • Client/server applications • How does "work" come into the system? • What "subsystems" are active • May be indicative of application software • Local/remote users • Job characteristics? • Batch job queue execution • Where is the output? • Spooled files • Logging and so forth

  5. Overview • Unit of work • Job/thread • Execution priority • Work environments • Subsystems • Allocation of system resources • Work entries • Online transaction processing • Client • Character-based applications ("5250") • "Host-centric" applications • Batch processing • Output queue • Printed reports • Job states/transitions • Job description • Definition of characteristics • System i caches • Read/write cache • Expert cache

  6. Job-1 Job-2 Job-3 Job-4 Job# Thread#1 Thread#n Job/Thread (1 of 3) • Thread • A unit of work managed by the System i • Allocates system resources • Processor cycles • Execution priority • Job • Single-threaded job • Multi-threaded job • Each thread is an independent task-stream • Parent thread • Child threads • User request • Mouse-click/Enter button • Interacts with application thread • Dispatched or managed separately • Assigned processor cycles

  7. Job/Thread (2 of 3) Right-click

  8. Job/Thread (3 of 3)

  9. Subsystems • Predefined execution environment: • Separation of workload: • Reduces resource contention • System resource allocation • Workflow management • System i system contains several subsystems: • Subsystem description (object type *SBSD) • Defined by IBM: • Controlling subsystem • QBASE • QCTL • QINTER • QBATCH • QSERVER • QSYSWRK • QCMN • QSPL and so forth • User defined: • <any-name>

  10. Machine Pool User Defined Pools *BASE Memory Pools • Logical subdivisions of main storage • Shared pools • Shared by multiple subsystems • MACHINE • Used for system activity • *BASE • *INTERACT • SPOOL • *SHRPOOL1-n • Private pools • Assigned to a specific subsystem • Not shared across subsystems • Up to 64 memory pools • Different from Auxiliary Storage Pools (ASP) • Different from Independent Auxiliary Storage Pools (IASP) • Subdivision of disk space • Grouped by disk drives • Optional

  11. Task-1 Task-2 Task-n Subsystem Pool #1 =*BASE Subsystem Pool #2 =*SHRPOOL1 Subsystem Pool #3 Size=200MB Activity=10 Subsystem Information • Qualified object name • Library name • Subsystem name • Object type *SBSD • Activity level • Controls maximum active tasks • "Throttle" mechanism • Pool allocation • Pool name • Multiple pools • Number within subsystem • Shared pool • Shared pool ID • Private pool • Size • Maximum active tasks

  12. Work Entries (1 of 2) Defines origin of tasks to be processed in a subsystem • Autostart job entries • Started when subsystem is started • Work station name entries • Specifies supported 5250 workstations • Job queue entries • Non-interactive batch jobs • Communications entries • Communications jobs • Prestart job entries • Started prior to requested work • Servers for client requests

  13. auto Work Entries (2 of 2) Job Queue Background Processing (Batch jobs) job-3 job-2 OLTP or "Interactive" (5250 Workstation sessions) job-1 interactive batch Subsystem Comm prestart OLTP or "Interactive" (Client sessions)

  14. *JOBQ QBATCH APPLIC01 APPLIC02 Queued Jobs *SBSD QBATCH Executing Executing Jobs Job Queue Entries Subsystem description: QBATCH Seq Job Max ---------Max by Priority---------- Nbr Queue Library Active 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 QBATCH QGPL 3 * * * * * * * * * 20 APPLIC01 QGPL 1 * * * * * * * * * 50 APPLIC02 QGPL 2 * * * * * * * * *

  15. Routing Data Job Pool#2 Pool#3 Pool#4 Routing Entries • Routing entry specification • Determines execution environment • Memory pool • Execution class (DSPCLS) • Run priority • Time slice • Task Dispatch Queue (TDQ) • Single TDQ • Processor time assigned to task • Based on • Run priority of task • Processor affinity ABCXYZ Opt Seq Nbr Program Library Compare Value 0001 QCMD QSYS XYZ 5 0005 QCMD QSYS ABCXYZ 9999 QCMD QSYS *ANY Pool identifier . . . . . . . . . : 1 Class..................................:QINTER Priority . . . . . . . . . : 20 Timeslice................:2000

  16. Printer File Definition Application Output Queue Spool File CRTOUTQ Printer Writer Report Printer Device Description STRPRTWTR or STRRMTWTR CRTDEVPRT Output Queues • Spooled printed output • Entry in Output Queue per report • Data in system "spool" area • WRKOUTQ • Work with Output Queues • iSeries Navigator • Work Management • Output queues

  17. Job States Three job states • Active: In activity level and in storage pool • Job is active • Not necessarily actively processing • Wait: Voluntarily out of activity level • Waiting for resources to be ready • Ineligible: Ready to process but no activity level • Unable to secure activity level • Had to leave activity level on time slice end

  18. (W-I) Inelig. State Activity Level Activity Level Free? Wait State Job Transition N (A-I) Y Time Slice End ineligible Queue long wait (A-W) Processor Enter key or mouse click Wait Queue (active jobs)

  19. Task-1 1 3 2 Task-2 Task-3 Activity Levels 2 1 Memory Flow of Work } Task Dispatch Queue (systemwide) 5250 Client/Server Batch 1-way processor Requests Work Entries Priority Processor Cycles OUTQ Entries Output Queue Subsystem Subsystem Subsystem

  20. Dynamic Priority Scheduling • QDYNPTYSCD system value • 1= dynamic priority scheduling (default) • 0= fixed priority scheduling • Delay-cost algorithm • Waiting increases "cost" • "Costly" tasks have dispatch priority • Avoids CPU monopolization • Ensures CPU cycles for low priority tasks • Penalizes tasks with high CPU use • Uses priority groups • High priority (0) • Fixed priority (1-9 and 90-99) • Dynamic priority • Band I (10-16) • Band II (17-22) • Band III (23-35) • Band IV (36-46) • Band V (47-51) • Band VI (52-89)

  21. Exceeds CPU& I/O limits.... Task Penalized Dynamic Priority Scheduling high cost pty=10 pty=17 pty=23 pty=16 pty=36 pty=22 pty=35 pty=46 low cost

  22. L1 L2 L3 Memory IOP cache Cache Architecture • Read cache • Disk arm buffers • Multiple records "pre-fetched" • Write cache • "Staged" writes (versus write buffer) • Increases Arm utilization efficiency • Data integrity • Non-volatile write cache • Battery support • Dual copy Processor(s)

  23. OLTP Batch Database Non-Database Expert Cache • Extension of Storage Management architecture • Enhances I/O performance • Reduces disk I/O • Dynamically manages I/O and memory • Provides caching within pools • Usually "like jobs" in a pool • Improves main memory utilization • Automatic adjustment of storage pool page management • Intelligently controls size of data reads • Manages DB pages in memory • "Hot data" retention • "Sweeps" memory pages to disk • Selectable option on the WRKSYSSTS screen • *Fixed = No Expert Cache function • *Calc = Expert Cache selected Pool #2-64

  24. SETOBJACC • Allows selected objects to be "pegged" in memory • Reduces I/O • Easily specified • Define separate pool • Private or shared pools • Clear pool (CLRPOOL) • Run SETOBJACC • Requires knowledge of "hot spots" • Programs, database files, and so forth • Avoid "deleted records" in files • Increases memory requirements • Protects objects from "demand paging" activity

  25. Expert Cache Shrpool-1 Expert Cache Shrpool-2 Expert Cache Shrpool-3 Performance Adjustment • Main Storage Pool Management option • Controlled by system value QPFRADJ • User managed • 0=No Adjustment • System managed • 1=At IPL only • 2=At IPL and automatic • 3=Automatic only • Additional tuning parameters • Used with QPFRADJ=1,2,3 • For shared memory pools • Maximum/minimum sizes • Priority (importance) of pools QPFRADJ

  26. Proc-4 Proc-3 Proc-2 Proc-1 Memory System i I/O Parallelism QQRYDEGREE system value • =*IO • Multiple I/O tasks

  27. Proc-4 Proc-3 Proc-2 Proc-1 Memory System i Parallelism (1 of 2) QQRYDEGREE system value • =*OPTIMIZE • Multiple I/O and SMP tasks • Requires DB/2 SMP feature • #2698 • Shares memory

  28. Proc-4 Proc-3 Proc-2 Proc-1 Memory System i Parallelism (2 of 2) QQRYDEGREE system value • =*MAX • Similar to *OPTIMIZE • Multiple I/O and SMP tasks • Requires DB/2 SMP feature • #2698 • Plus • Uses available memory

  29. Performance Adjustment and Parallelism via GUI

  30. Performance Adjustment via GUI

  31. Parallelism via GUI

  32. Working with Work Management

  33. What is running? • Active jobs by subsystem • Name • Job • User • Job number • Number of threads • Type of job • Interactive or Online Transaction Processing (OLTP) • "5250 datastream" • Server • Responding to client requests • Batch • Non-interactive • No ongoing interactions with job initiator • Runtime information • Memory pool • Execution priority • CPU usage

  34. Active Jobs

  35. Customize View

  36. WRKACTJOB Work with Active Jobs TEAMLPR3 03/18/XX 11:44:46 CPU %: .6 Elapsed time: 00:00:04 Active jobs: 149 Type options, press Enter. 2=Change 3=Hold 4=End 5=Work with 6=Release 7=Display message 8=Work with spooled files 13=Disconnect ... --------Elapsed--------- Opt Subsystem/Job Type Pool Pty CPU Int Rsp AuxIO CPU % QBATCH SBS 2 0 .0 0 .0 QCMN SBS 2 0 .4 0 .0 QCTL SBS 2 0 .4 0 .0 QSYSSCD BCH 2 10 .4 0 .0 QINTER SBS 2 0 .3 0 .0 QPADEV0003 INT 3 20 .2 1 .0 12 .4 QSERVER SBS 2 0 .4 0 .0 QPWFSERVSD BCH 2 20 .2 0 .0 QPWFSERVSO PJ 2 20 .3 0 .0 More... Parameters or command ===> F3=Exit F5=Refresh F7=Find F10=Restart statistics F11=Display thread data F12=Cancel F23=More options F24=More keys

  37. Work with Active Jobs TEAMLPR3 03/18/XX 11:44:46 CPU %: .6 Elapsed time: 00:00:04 Active jobs: 149 Type options, press Enter. 2=Change 3=Hold 4=End 5=Work with 6=Release 7=Display message 8=Work with spooled files 13=Disconnect ... Opt Subsystem/Job User Number Type CPU % Threads QBATCH QSYS 001255 SBS .0 1 QCMN QSYS 001258 SBS .0 1 QCTL QSYS 001230 SBS .0 1 QSYSSCD QPGMR 001248 BCH .0 1 QINTER QSYS 001249 SBS .0 1 QPADEV0003 TONI 001993 INT .4 1 QSERVER QSYS 001241 SBS .0 1 QPWFSERVSD QUSER 001283 BCH .0 1 QPWFSERVSO QUSER 001410 PJ .0 1 More... Parameters or command ===> F3=Exit F5=Refresh F7=Find F10=Restart statistics F11=Display status F12=Cancel F17=Top F18=Bottom F23=More options F24=More keys WRKACTJOB

  38. Memory Pools

  39. WRKSYSSTS (1 of 5) • Overall CPU utilization % • Disk information • Total disk capacity for use • Total in system ASP • Space (%) utilized in system ASP • Memory allocation • Size • Activity level • Memory faults/second • Expert cache • Job transitions • Active-Wait • Wait-Ineligible • Active-Ineligible

  40. WRKSYSSTS (2 of 5) Work with System Status TEAMLPR3 03/18/XX 14:27:03 % CPU used . . . . . . . : 13.7 Auxiliary storage: % DB capability . . . . : .0 System ASP . . . . . . : 262.8 G Elapsed time . . . . . . : 00:00:01 % system ASP used . . : 81.7227 Jobs in system . . . . . : 210 Total . . . . . . . . : 262.8 G % perm addresses . . . . : .007 Current unprotect used : 1851 M % temp addresses . . . . : .010 Maximum unprotect . . : 1851 M Type changes (if allowed), press Enter. System Pool Reserved Max -----DB----- ---Non-DB--- Pool Size (M) Size (M) Active Fault Pages Fault Pages 1 655.20 78.80 +++++ .0 .0 1.7 1.7 2 235.42 .92 109 .0 .0 .0 .0 3 101.14 .00 39 .0 .0 4.3 10.4 4 .25 .00 5 .0 .0 .0 .0 Bottom F11=Display transition data F14=Work with subsystems F15=Work with active jobs F16=Work with disk status F24=More keys

  41. WRKSYSSTS (3 of 5) Transition Data Work with System Status TEAMLPR3 03/18/XX 14:41:51 % CPU used . . . . . . . : .5 Auxiliary storage: % DB capability . . . . : .0 System ASP . . . . . . : 262.8 G Elapsed time . . . . . . : 00:14:49 % system ASP used . . : 81.7229 Jobs in system . . . . . : 211 Total . . . . . . . . : 262.8 G % perm addresses . . . . : .007 Current unprotect used : 1851 M % temp addresses . . . . : .010 Maximum unprotect . . : 1860 M Type changes (if allowed), press Enter. System Pool Reserved Max Active-> Wait-> Active-> Pool Size (M) Size (M) Active Wait Inel Inel 1 655.20 78.81 +++++ 8.6 .0 .0 2 235.42 .99 109 469.6 .0 .0 3 101.14 .00 39 .7 .0 .0 4 .25 .00 5 .0 .0 .0 Bottom F11=Display pool data F14=Work with subsystems F15=Work with active jobs F16=Work with disk status F21=Select assistance level F24=More keys

  42. WRKSYSSTS (4 of 5) Work with System Status TEAMLPR3 03/18/XX 14:41:51 % CPU used . . . . . . . : .5 Auxiliary storage: % DB capability . . . . : .0 System ASP . . . . . . : 262.8 G Elapsed time . . . . . . : 00:14:49 % system ASP used . . : 81.7229 Jobs in system . . . . . : 211 Total . . . . . . . . : 262.8 G % perm addresses . . . . : .007 Current unprotect used : 1851 M % temp addresses . . . . : .010 Maximum unprotect . . : 1860 M Type changes (if allowed), press Enter. System Pool Reserved Max Pool Size (M) Size (M) Active Pool Subsystem Library 1 655.20 78.81 +++++ *MACHINE 2 235.42 .99 109 *BASE 3 101.14 .00 39 *INTERACT 4 .25 .00 5 *SPOOL Bottom Command ===> F11=Display paging option F14=Work with subsystems F15=Work with active jobs F16=Work with disk status F24=More keys Pool Data

  43. WRKSYSSTS (5 of 5) Work with System Status TEAMLPR3 03/18/XX 14:41:51 % CPU used . . . . . . . : .5 Auxiliary storage: % DB capability . . . . : .0 System ASP . . . . . . : 262.8 G Elapsed time . . . . . . : 00:14:49 % system ASP used . . : 81.7229 Jobs in system . . . . . : 211 Total . . . . . . . . : 262.8 G % perm addresses . . . . : .007 Current unprotect used : 1851 M % temp addresses . . . . : .010 Maximum unprotect . . : 1860 M Type changes (if allowed), press Enter. System Pool Reserved Max Paging Pool Size (M) Size (M) Active Option 1 655.20 78.81 +++++ *FIXED 2 235.42 .99 109 *FIXED 3 101.14 .00 39 *FIXED 4 .25 .00 5 *FIXED Bottom Command ===> F3=Exit F4=Prompt F5=Refresh F9=Retrieve F10=Restart F12=Cancel F19=Extended system status F24=More keys Paging Option

  44. Shared Pools

  45. WRKSHRPOOL (1 of 2) Work with Shared Pools System: TEAMLPR3 Main storage size (M) . : 992.03 Type changes (if allowed), press Enter. Defined Max Allocated Pool -Paging Option-- Pool Size (M) Active Size (M) ID Defined Current *MACHINE 655.20 +++++ 655.20 1 *FIXED *FIXED *BASE 235.42 109 235.42 2 *FIXED *FIXED *INTERACT 101.14 39 101.14 3 *FIXED *FIXED *SPOOL .25 5 .25 4 *FIXED *FIXED *SHRPOOL1 .00 0 *FIXED *SHRPOOL2 .00 0 *FIXED *SHRPOOL3 .00 0 *FIXED *SHRPOOL4 .00 0 *FIXED *SHRPOOL5 .00 0 *FIXED *SHRPOOL6 .00 0 *FIXED More... Command ===> F3=Exit F4=Prompt F5=Refresh F9=Retrieve F11=Display tuning data F12=Cancel

  46. Work with Shared Pools System: TEAMLPR3 Main storage size (M) . : 992.03 Type changes (if allowed), press Enter. -----Size %----- -----Faults/Second------ Pool Priority Minimum Maximum Minimum Thread Maximum *MACHINE 1 11.69 100 10.00 .00 10.00 *BASE 1 10.16 100 5.00 .50 200 *INTERACT 2 5.00 100 10.00 2.00 100 *SPOOL 2 1.00 100 5.00 1.00 100 *SHRPOOL1 2 1.00 100 10.00 2.00 100 *SHRPOOL2 2 1.00 100 10.00 2.00 100 *SHRPOOL3 2 1.00 100 10.00 2.00 100 *SHRPOOL4 2 1.00 100 10.00 2.00 100 *SHRPOOL5 2 1.00 100 10.00 2.00 100 *SHRPOOL6 2 1.00 100 10.00 2.00 100 More... Command ===> F3=Exit F4=Prompt F5=Refresh F9=Retrieve F11=Display text F12=Cancel WRKSHRPOOL (2 of 2)

  47. Disk Drive Status (1 of 2) Displays current disk status • Hardware information: • Bus • IOP name • Disk drive model: • Capacity per disk drive (user) • Configuration information: • ASP allocation • Device protection • Mirrored/RAID • Disk activity/usage: • Arm utilization % • Percentage used/free space

  48. Disk Drive Status (2 of 2)

  49. WRKDSKSTS (1 of 2) Work with Disk Status TEAMLPR3 03/18/XX 16:03:01 Elapsed time: 00:00:30 Size % I/O Request Read Write Read Write % Unit Type (M) Used Rqs Size (K) Rqs Rqs (K) (K) Busy 1 6718 17548 93.8 .0 4.0 .0 .0 4.0 .0 0 2 6718 17548 92.8 .0 4.0 .0 .0 4.0 .0 0 3 6718 17548 92.8 .0 4.0 .0 .0 4.0 .0 0 4 6718 17548 92.6 .0 4.0 .0 .0 4.0 .0 0 5 6718 17548 92.5 .2 4.0 .0 .1 4.0 4.0 0 6 6718 17548 92.7 .1 15.0 .0 .0 4.0 48.0 0 7 6718 17548 92.7 .1 4.0 .0 .0 4.0 4.0 0 8 6718 17548 93.3 .0 4.0 .0 .0 4.0 .0 0 9 6718 17548 93.6 .0 4.0 .0 .0 4.0 .0 0 10 6718 17548 93.1 .4 5.6 .1 .2 4.0 6.6 0 11 6718 17548 93.5 .0 4.0 .0 .0 4.0 .0 0 12 6718 17548 93.3 .4 4.0 .2 .1 4.0 4.0 0 13 6718 17548 93.5 .4 4.0 .0 .4 4.0 4.0 0 More... F11=Display storage use F16=Work with system status F24=More keys

  50. Work with Disk Status XXXXXXXX 03/18/XX 16:08:26 Elapsed time: 00:00:00 --Protection-- Unit ASP Type Status Compression 1 1 DPY ACTIVE 2 1 DPY ACTIVE 3 1 DPY ACTIVE 4 1 DPY ACTIVE 5 1 DPY ACTIVE 6 1 DPY ACTIVE Bottom Command ===> F11=Display disk statistics F16=Work with system status F24=More keys WRKDSKSTS (2 of 2)

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