FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND COMPUTING ENGLISH IN ENGINEERING PRACTISE MARIJA KRZNARIĆ

1. FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND COMPUTING ENGLISH IN ENGINEERING PRACTISE MARIJA KRZNARIĆ viši predavač

2. Course Description The goal of this course is to draw students' attention to the most important parts of the English grammar which will help future graduates to establish oral and written communication within the engineering profession as well as informal and formal communication competence with potential business partners and colleagues. The course will also include professional terminology, translation, writing summaries, job application, CVs, writing articles and papers for conferences in the field of electrical engineering and computing and presentation skills. Learning Outcomes On successful completion of the course, students will be able to: 1. acquire the basic principles of the technical English 2. improve the general and professional language in oral and written communication 3. define, describe and apply the general principles of terminology in engineering profession and computing 4. write reports and present professional papers/articles 5. discuss written reports and participate in professional discussion 6. develop and improve oral and written expression in the field of electrical engineering and computing 7. select adequate expressions in general and technical language 8. apply and define terminology of the technical English 

3. Forms of Teaching Entry test for all students before the beginning of the winter term. Lectures: 2 hours, exercises 1 hour Exams 1 mid term exam (written) during the term, 1 at the end Grading System

4. Raspodjela ocjena • 51 - 60 bodova  dovoljan • 61 - 79 bodova  dobar • 80 - 89 bodova  vrlo dobar • 90 - 100 bodova  izvrstan

5. Bodovanje predmeta • 1 međuispit (studeni) 40% • 1 završni ispit (siječanj) 40% • Ispitni rokovi (siječanj, srpanj, rujan) • 1 nenajavljena provjera u trajanju od 15’ - 30’ 10% • Aktivnost na nastavi: izrada i držanje prezentacije, domaće zadaće, • Prisustvo na nastavi 10% • Izrada PP prezentacije s pitanjima, sažetak i držanje prezentacije - moguće oslobađanje međuispita/završnog ispita

6. Week by Week Schedule 1. Revision of verb tenses in active 2. Passive 3. Articles 4. Word Order 5. Indirect Speech 6. Conditionals 7. Compounds 8. MID TERM EXAM 9. Job advertisements and applications 10. CV and application letter 11. Business letters 12. Presentations and presentation skills 13. Summaries 14. Articles and papers 15. MID TERM EXAM

7. 1st cycle 1 Present Continuous – Past Tenses 2&3 Present Perfect – Future Prerfect - Passive 4&5 Indirect Speech – Conditionals 6&7 Unreal Past – Articles 8&9 Compounds, Formal Writing and Research Papers 10 Causative “have” or “get” 11 Transformations 1 12 Transformations 2 13 Modals 14 Vocabulary 15 Linking Words & Phrases 16 Grammar Exercises 17 Terminology & Definitions

8. GRAMMAR REVISION AND EXERCISES

9. IS GRAMMAR IMPORTANT? • The above question is the typical one that I receive from many new students. Here is a clear and simple answer: • “Grammar is the backbone of a language”. • Grammar provides the structure one needs to organize and convey one’s messages and ideas. Grammar provides the structure needed to organize and put messages and ideas across. It is the railway through which messages will be transported. In the same way as a train cannot move without railways, ideas cannot be conveyed to their full extent without a good command of the grammar patterns and structures of the language. Grammar is essential in order to master a language, it is important to use and apply the rules and not to recite them by heart. The chosen chapters here are those which will help students in the so called small talks, i.e. the choice of tenses and structures mostly used in everyday communication and those used in specific engineering discussions. It is worth mentioning that the only common feature between the Croatian and English language is the Latin script. The two grammars have nothing in common. So, let’s repeat the most important parts a future electrical engineer is going to use.

10. TALKING ABOUT THE PRESENTPRESENT CONTINUOUS - PRESENT SIMPLE PRESENT CONTINUOUS NEGATIVE – am/are/is + not + ing INTERROGATIVE – am/are/is + S + ing Remember • verbs ending in –e, lose it when –ing is added: come  coming 2. one-syllable verbs ending in a consonant, double that consonant when –ing is added: sit  sitting run  running

11. Present Continuous • is used to describe situations or states which are temporary:  • Mary is living in London at the moment. • Mary is not at home. She’s having a haircut. • is used to describe activities or processes: • The boys are playing football in front of the house. • Why are you crying? Is something wrong?  • - is used to talk about future happenings or definite arrangements in the future:  • What are you doing this evening? • Peter is flying to London on Friday. 

12. is used to talk about developing or changing situations:  • The weather’s getting worse and worse. • She’s growing to be more and more like her mother.  • is used with always, constantly, continually, forever to express something unexpected or annoying:  • She is always borrowing money and forgettingto pay you back. • He’s always asking silly questions. • of “to be” is used to talk about people’s activity and behaviour at the moment of speaking: • Youare being stupid (=behaving stupidly, not trying to understand). • Peteris being selfish; he is going to eat this cake all by himself.

13. Some verbs are not used in the continuous tenses. The most important of these verbs are:

14. PRESENT SIMPLE Remember 1.verbs ending in [s], [z], [ʃ], [ʒ], [tʃ] and [dʒ] get an -es [iz]: dress [dres]  dresses [dresiz] teach [ti:tʃ]  teaches [ti:tʃiz] if the verb ends in –e, only –s is added: freeze [fri : z]  freezes [fri : ziz] • verbs ending in -y preceded by a consonant, change the –y into –ie when the third person singular ending is added: try  tries fly flies NEGATIVE – do not, does not + bare infinitive INTERROGATIVE – do, does + subject + bare infinitive

15. Present Simple - is used to describe situations which are permanent (universal truths): Water freezes at 0º C. The sun rises in the East and sets in the West. or are regarded as permanent: Peter works in a bank. Mary lives in Brighton. - is used to talk about habits or things that happen regularly (habitual actions): My father reads a newspaper every day. Mary never takes sugar in her coffee. - is used to talk about states in the present at the moment of speaking: Peter looks ill today. This food tastes awful!

16. - is used in explanations, instructions and demonstrations: When we repair an appliance, we make sure that the current is switched off. First I put some butter into a frying-pan and light the gas. Then I break two eggs …. - is used with the verbs that are not normally found in the continuous form, but if they are, see what happens and compare the differences in meaning: I think you shouldn’t do it. He is thinking about his girlfriend. I measure 75 centimetres round the waist. Why’s he measuring the roof? I see what you mean. I’m seeing Peter tonight. I’m just tastingthe soup and I can tell you it tastes wonderful. - is used to talk about the future, particularly after if, and after conjunctions of time (when, before, as soon as, until, while, after): I hope it will stop raining before the bride leaves the church. If you don’t study, you won’t pass your exam.

17. UNDERLINE THE WORD(S) WHICH REQUIRE EITHER THE PRESENT SIMPLE or THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS AND THEN FILL IN THE GAPS: 1. Every morning my friend (hurry) ____________ to the bus stop, because he always (get) ______________ up late. 2. Where is Bob? He (sit) __________________ on the sofa and (watch) _________________TV. 3. The Smiths (not, know) ____________________________ London very well. 4. Lillian usually (travel) ________ by train, but tonight she (travel) ____________by plane. She (be) _______ in a hurry. 5. Mrs Wells (want) ________________ to stay in London for two weeks. 6. When the Wells (come) ______________ to London, they (stay) ______________atthe Grand hotel. 7. This time they (stay) ______________________ at the Royal hotel, there (be) _______________ no vacant rooms at the Grand hotel. hurries gets is sitting watching don’t know travels is traveling is wants come stay are staying are

18. Does Jenny like 8. (Jenny, like) ____________________________ the Royal hotel? Well, I (not, know) _______________________, I (suppose) _______________ she ___________, she always (stay) ________________ there. 9. (Peter, wash) _____________________ his car every week? No, he ________________. He (wash) __________________ it when it (get) ________________dirty. 10. Come here, Jimmy! What (you, do) _______________________________ over there? 11. What car (Peter, usually, drive) ___________________________________ ? He usually (drive) ___________________ a VW, but this morning he (drive) ____________ his father's BMW. 12. The Sun (rise) ______________ in the East. 13. Excuse me, I (look) ________________________ for a good restaurant. Can you tell me if there (be) ____________ one near here? suppose don’t know does stays Does Peter wash doesn’t washes gets are you doing does Peter usually drive drives is driving rises am looking is

19. PRESENT CONTINUOUS, PRESENT SIMPLE - HOW TO PUT A QUESTION 1. Robertis buying a digital camerain the department store. 1 23 ---------4--------- 2. Three hundred American tourists are flying to Dubrovniknext week. 56 7 --------8--------- 3. Mr Brown is going to bed because he is very tired. Who is buying a digital camera in the department store? What is Robert doing in the department store? Where is Robert buying a digital camera? What is Robert buying in the department store? Who is flying to Dubrovnik next week? Where are they flying next week? When are they flying to Dubrovnik? How many American tourists are flying to Dubrovnik next week? Why is Mr Brown going to bed?

20. 4. Peter’s friends are going to London to buy a housenext week. 12 3 5. Peter is meeting Maryin front of the schoolat a quarter to seven. 4567 ----------8-------- Who is going to London to buy a house next week? Why are Peter’s friends going to London next week? When are Peter’s friends going to London to buy a house? Who is meeting Mary in front of the school at a quarter to seven? Who is Peter meeting in front of the school at a quarter to seven? Where is Peter meeting Mary at a quarter to seven? When is Peter meeting Mary in front of the school? What is Peter doing in front of the school at a quarter to seven?

21. 6. The Brownstake their children to the Zooevery Sunday. 123 -------4------- -----5----- 7. Peterrecords late night movieson weekends. 123 ----------4--------- 8. Mary goes riding twice a week. Who takes their children to the Zoo every Sunday? What do the Browns do every Sunday? When / How often do the Browns take their children to the Zoo? Who do the Browns take to the Zoo every Sunday? Where do the Browns take their children every Sunday? Who records late night movies on weekends? What does Peter do on weekends? When does Peter record late night movies? What does Peter record on weekends? How often does Mary go riding?

22. 9. Peter’s friendsspend summer holidaysin Croatia. 123 10. Her parents always meet her at the airport because she usually has a lot of luggage. 11. Mary’s father owns three race horses. 1 2 Who spends summer holidays in Croatia? What do Peter’s friends do in Croatia? Where do Peter’s friends spend summer holidays? Why do her parents always meet her at the airport? Who owns three race horses? How many race horses does Mary’s father own?

23. WORD ORDER [1

24. CROATIAN WORD ORDER vs ENGLISH WORD ORDER Pero čeka Maricu pred kinom. Pred kinom Pero Maricu čeka. Čeka Maricu Pero pred kinom. Maricu Pero čeka pred kinom. Pred kinom Maricu čeka Pero. Pred kinom Maricu Pero čeka. Pero Maricu pred kinom čeka. Pero Maricu čeka pred kinom. Maricu čeka Pero pred kinom. Maricu pred kinom Pero čeka.

25. TALKING ABOUT THE PAST 1 PAST SIMPLE - PAST CONTINUOUS PAST SIMPLE S + (e)d S did not + infinitive did S infinitive? Remember 1. to regular verbs ending in –e, a –d is added only: hope  hope-d • to regular verbs which do not end in an –e, -ed is added: wash  wash-ed 3. verbs ending in a –y, preceded by a consonant, change the –y into –ie: try  tried but : play  played 4. short verbs ending in a consonant preceded by a vowel, double that consonant: stop  stopped    PAY ATTENTION to irregular verbs

26. Past Simple - is used to describe a completed action in the past: I lived in London then. Yesterday, I painted the ceiling in my room. - it is used to speak about past habits: When I was a student, I went to the cinema every week. My grandfather always carried his walking stick. - it is used when the time is asked about: When did you meet Mary last?What timedid you come home last night? - it is used when the action clearly took place at a definite time even though this time is not mentioned: The train was ten minutes late. How did you get your present job?

27. - to describe a regular activity in the past used to or would are used: They used to visit their parents every Sunday. They would visit their parents every Sunday. - only used to talks about an ability or skill which the person no longer has or no longer practises: I used to play the piano when I was a child. When I was in college, I used to gamble for money. - only would is used when we want to show that it was something we refused to do: I would never arrive late at school. She would never go to the cinema. She thought it was sinful.

28. PAST CONTINUOUS S + was/were + ing S + was/were not + ing was/were + S + ing - it is used for an action that is interrupted by another action: He was trying to install a new program when somebody rang the bell. When I arrived, Tom was talking on the phone. - it is used for an uncompleted action in the past or an action where it isuncertain if it was completed: He was working on his car last night. Yesterday I was redecorating my living room. - it is used for two or more actions that took place at the same time over a long period: While I was redecorating the living room, my wife was cooking the dinner. All the time while she was dancing with her husband, she was thinking about her first boy-friend. - it is used with “always” for an action that irritated you: She was always arriving late. He was always ringing me up so I decided to change my number.

29. INSERT SIMPLE PAST or PAST CONTINUOUS: Yesterday afternoon, while I (walk) ____________ my dog in the park I (notice) ___________ a group of boys playing hide and seek. The boys (run) ______________ through the park, when it (begin) _____________ to rain. While they (look) __________________ for a place to hide, they (see) __________ a small cottage a few hundred meters away. As soon as they (enter) _______________ the cottage, they (realise) ______________ that one of the boys (miss) ____________________. When the rain (stop) ______________, they (go) ______________ out to see where he (be) __________. They soon (find) _____________ him lying under a tree. He (fall) _____________ while they (all, run) ___________________________ towards the cottage and (break) __________ his leg. He (cry) __________________ and he (ask) ____________ his friends to call for help. One of the boys (run) __________ to the park gates and (wave) _________________ to the drivers passing by. Although the drivers (drive) _____________________ pretty fast, one of them (see) ____________ the boy and (stop) _______________ the car. I (run) _____________ to help him put the injured boy into the car and he (take) _________________ him to hospital. was walking noticed were running began were looking saw entered realised was missing stopped went found was fell were all running broke was crying asked ran waved were driving saw stopped ran took

30. I (go) ______________ to the hospital this afternoon to visit the boy. As I (go) __________________ there, I (meet) _______________the driver in front of the hospital. He (go) __________________ to visit the boy, too. When we (enter) ________________ the boy’s room, he (read) ___________________. He (look) __________ up and (smile) ____________. He (be) ________ surprised to see both of us coming at the same time. He (be) _____________ even more surprised when he (see) ______________ that the driver (have) ___________ a present for him. He (bring) ____________ him a video game. I (give) ____________ him some DVDs and (ask) ____________ him how he (feel) _________________. The boy (be) __________ better and (hope) ______________ to go home in a few days. He also (promise) _________________ to be more careful playing hide and seek next time. went was going met was going entered was reading smiled was looked was saw had gave brought asked was feeling hoped was promised

31. PAST SIMPLE, PAST CONTINUOUS - HOW TO PUT A QUESTION • The Brownswashed their caryesterday afternoon. • 1 2 3 • 2. Mary called Peter's office because he was ill. • 3. He knew they were not at home. • 4. Phillip went to the travel agency to book a room at the hotel. • 5. The Browns’ housewasbrokeninto last night. Who washed their car yesterday afternoon? What did the Browns do yesterday afternoon? When did the Browns wash their car? Why did Mary call Peter’s office? What did he know? Why did Phillip go to the travel agency? What happened last night?

32. 6. The studentswere having lunch when the Minister entered the campus canteen. 1 2 3 7. Susan and her husband were in Parislast week. 4 5 6 8. The weather was nice and warm yesterday. 9. The boyswere playing computer games when the lights went out. 8 9 10 Who was having lunch when the Minister entered the campus canteen? What were the students doing when the Minister entered the campus canteen? Who entered the campus canteen when the students were having lunch? Who was in Paris last week? Where were Susan and her husband last week? When were Susan and her husband in Paris? What was the weather yesterday? Who was playing computer games when the lights went out? What were the boys doing when the lights went out? What happened when the boys were playing computer games?

33. TALKING ABOUT THE FUTURE GOING TO - PRESENT CONTINUOUS - WILL – FUTURE - PRESENT SIMPLE GOING TO S am/are/is going to + infinitive - is used to talk about things we have decided to do in the future: I’m really going to stop smoking. I’m going to meet Tom at the airport at six. - is used to predict the future, using the information we know now: It’s six o’clock, we are going to be late. Look at the sky, it is going to rain. ____________ ću, ćeš, će…… namjeravati

34. PRESENT CONTINUOUS - is used for arrangements which exist now for the future: What are you doing next week? I’m starting a new job on Monday. THE WILL – FUTURE S shall/will + infinitive - is used for predictions, promises, offers, requests, suggestions, future facts: It will rain soon. I’ll phone you. Shall I make you a cup of coffee? Will you give me a lift if it rains? Shall we see a film tonight? My mother will be fifty years old next week.

35. THE PRESENT SIMPLE - is used for impersonal and formal definite future agreement, usually with the time mentioned: The film starts at 7.30. What time does your flight arrive? COMPLETE THE SENTENCES USING ONE OF THE ABOVE WAYS OF EXPRESSING FUTURE AND PUT IN WHEN, BEFORE, AS SOON ASORUNTILWHERE NECESSARY: 1. I (drive) ______________________ this car ___________ I buy a better one. 2. (You, buy) __________________________ some stamps for me ____________ you are in the post office? 3. I (go) _______________ (keep) ____________ working _________ I finish this. 4. Don’t forget, you (get) __________________ an invitation for the job interview ______________________ you answer their letter. 5. We (wait) _____________________ _____________ it stops raining, and then we (go) _________________ out. 6. The express train (leave) ___________________ from platform eight. Hurry up ____________ it’s too late. ‘ll drive until Will you buy when am going to keep until will get when / as soon as ‘ll wait / ’re going to wait until ‘ll go / ‘re going leaves before

36. 7. She studies a lot, she (go) __________________ (pass) __________________ her exams. 8. (You, come) _______________________ to the party tonight? Yes, but I don’t know exactly when. I (let) ____________________ you know ____________________ I check with my wife. 9. They (start) _____________________ work ___________________ the material (arrive) __________ . 10. My parents (celebrate) ________________________ their wedding anniversary in December. 11. Hurry up, the game (be) _______________________ over ___________ you (reach) __________ the stadium. 12. All the cinemas and the theatres (close) ______________________ on Christmas Day. 13. (You, finish) ______________________ this report ___________ the boss (return) ___________? ‘s going to pass Are you coming ‘ll let when / as soon as ‘ll start as soon as / when arrives celebrate / will celebrate will be before reach close Will you finish before returns

37. ARTICLES Allaboutarticles, find on the web! THE EXCEPTIONS ARE THE SIMPLE PRESENT AND THE SIMPLE PAST: THEY ARE THE ONLY TWO TENSES WHICH HAVE SOME KIND OF ENDINGS (-s or -es for the third person singular in the Present Simple and -d or -ed for the Simple Past of regular verbs) THEY NEED THE AUXILLIARY VERB “TO DO” (do, does, did) TO MAKE NEGATIVE (you do not read, he did not read…) AND INTERROGATIVE FORMS (do you read, did he read…).

38. TALKING ABOUT THE PAST 2 PAST PERFECT SIMPLE & CONTINUOUS - FUTURE IN THE PAST PAST PERFECT SIMPLE S + had + past participle - is used to describe an action that had already happened before another past action took place and to express the idea of an earlier past: I explained that I had forgotten the keys. I could see from his face that he had received bad news. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS S+ had been + ing - is used to talk about something which had been in progress up to the past time we are talking about (e.g. when the bus arrived): Mr Black had been working for 40 years when he finally retired in 2006. We had been climbing for two hours when it suddenly began to snow.

39. SUPPLY THE PAST PERFECT SIMPLE or CONTINUOUS or SIMPLE PAST: • I (feel)verycold because I (stand) • outside for two hours. • 2. We (drive) for about half an hour when we (realize) • that we (be) lost. • 3. The strange thing (be) that we (just, talk) about ghosts when we (hear) the noise in the attic. • 4. My brother (try) to get his driving licence for two years before • he finally (give) up. • 5. Peter (realize) that he (overwork) , so he (decide) to take ten days off. • 6. Monica (move) from L.A. to Washington in 1999. How long (she, live) • in Los Angeles? • 7. When I finally (hand) in my thesis, I (write) • it for six months. had been standing felt had been driving were realized was had just been talking heard had been trying gave realized had been overworking decided moved had she been living handed had been writing

40. SUPPLY THE PAST PERFECT SIMPLE or SIMPLE PAST: 1. We immediately (recognize) each other, although we (not, meet) for years. 2. I (call) at the manager’s office, but (discover) that I (just, miss) him. As it (be) 1 p.m., I (be) sure he (go) out for lunch. 3. When I (get) home last night, I (find) out that I (lose) my wallet. 4. The scientist suddenly (see) the answer to the problem that (occupy) his mind for the last two months. 5. We (leave) the restaurant after we (have) an excellent dinner there. 6. Nobody (come) to the meeting because Angela, the boss’s secretary (forget) to send the invitations in time. 7. The results last term (be) better than anyone (expect) recognized had not met called discovered was had just missed was had gone got found had lost saw had occuppied left had had came had forgotten were had expected.

41. 8. The motorist (discover) to his relief that he (not, take) the wrong road after all. 9. After the prisoner (jump) out of the window, he (run) across the yard. 10. The reporter (write) a full report on the accident he (see) through his bedroom window the night before. 11. We (get) down to business as soon as we (hand) in the financial report for the last year. 12. When Queen Victoria (die) in 1901, she (reign) for over 60 years. 13. Once the Government (settle) the agenda, the vice-president (distribute) it to all members of the board. discovered had not taken ran had jumped wrote had seen got had handed died had reined had settled distributed

42. FUTURE ACTIONS IN THE PAST će pjevati će/namjerava pisati odlazi The above table gives three different ways of expressing a future action taking place in the past, i.e. a future action which is related to the past: • with wouldit is used to describe an action that will happen after a past action in the main sentence: I didn’t know they would come so early. Peter got a job on an oil-rig but he did not realize it would be such hard work. • with was/were going to it means that something was planned for the future at a past time:  Last time I saw you, you were going to start a new job. I thought you were going to visit me yesterday. Why didn’t you? - with the Past Continuous, something planned is expressed (see Present Continuous): He didn’t have time to talk, because he was leaving in two hours.

43. Supply the correct Past tense and translate the three sentences: thought were 1. I (think) they (be)at home. 2. I (think) they (be) at home. 3. I (think) they (be)at home. mislio sam / su/ mislio sam / thought će biti /would be had been su bili / thought mislio sam / THOUGHT and WERE = the same tenses, both actions happen at the same time, i.e. simultaneously. (istovremenost dviju radnji) WOULD BE describes an action that will happen after the action in the main sentence occurs. (budućnost zavisne u odnosu na glavnu) HAD BEEN describes an action happening before the action in the main sentence.(prošlost zavisne u odnosu na glavnu)

44. Supply the correct Past or Present Tense and translate the sentences: 1. Peter (not, know) that they (come) at 3 o’clock. 2. Peter (not, know) that they (come) at 3 o’clock. 3. Peter (not, know) that they (come) at 3 o’clock. 4. Peter (not, know) that they (come) at 3 o’clock. 5. Peter (not, know) that they (come) at 3 o’clock. 6. Peter (not, know) that they (come) at 3 o’clock didn’t know were coming Pero NIJE ZNAO da DOLAZE u 3 sata. didn’t know had come Pero NIJE ZNAO da SU DOŠLI u 3 sata. didn’t know would come Pero NIJE ZNAO da ĆE DOĆI u 3 sata. doesn’t know are coming PeroNEZNAda DOLAZE u 3 sata. doesn’t know came Pero NEZNA da SU DOŠLI u 3 sata. doesn’t know will come Pero NEZNA da ĆE DOĆI u 3 sata.

45. SUPPLY THE CORRECT PAST TENSE: 1. Although it (be) late when I (get) up yesterday morning, I (hope) I (not, be) late for work. 2. While I (have) breakfast, the phone (ring) It (be) Tom. He (promise) he (pick) me up as soon as he (finish) breakfast. 3. Jane (land) last night but nobody (meet) her at the airport. She (call) her husband but nobody (answer) She (hang) up and (go) to the coffee bar. She (know) he (already, leave) the house and (be) there in a minute. WAS GOT HOPED/WAS HOPING WOULDNOTBE RANG. WASHAVING WAS WOULD PICK PROMISED FINISHED LANDED MET CALLED HUNG WENT ANSWERED KNEW HAD ALREADY LEFT WOULD BE WAS HAVING 4.While she (have) coffee, another plane (land) andshe (see) a friend of hers among the passengers. As, Betty, her friend (have) three large suitcases, Jane (say) her husband (be) on his way to the airport and (offer) her to give her a lift. LANDED SAW SAID HAD OFFERED WAS

46. 5. The Browns (go) to the cinema last week. While they (watch) the film, the police (come) and (ask) them to leavebecause somebody (plant)a bomb there. When they (hear)that, Mrs Brown (look) at her husband hoping he (not, be)too upset. She (worry) about him, because last year he (have) a massive heart attack. However, he just (put) on his coat calmly and they (leave) 6. I (be) pleased to see my old college friends at the conference last week as we (not, see) each other since we (graduate) in 2001. Beforethe amusing night (be) over, we (decide) we (organise) similar reunions every year. 7. Yesterday we (have) to wait for hours at the airport because bad weather (delay) all the flights. 8. Although their son (not, commit) the crime, his parents (give) him no support. WENT WEREWATCHING ASKED CAME HAD PLANTED HEARD LOOKED WOULD NOT BE WORRIED/WAS WORRYING HAD PUT LEFT. WAS HADNOT SEEN GRADUATED WAS DECIDED WOULD ORGANIZE HAD HAD DELAYED HAD NOT COMMITTED GAVE

47. 9. At the end of the meal Mr Brown (realize) that he (not, can) pay the bill because he (not, have) his wallet with him. The waiter (ask) him if he (have) a credit card but he (not, have) it either. Fortunately, his cell phone (be) in his pocket. He (call) his son and (tell) him what (happen) . The boy (promise) that he (come) in a few minutes with the money. 10. The children (be) thrilled when they (unwrap) their electronic toys, but when they (see) that nobody (buy) the batteries, they (be) very disappointed. 11. When I (come) out of the cinema I (find) that somebody (steal) my car radio. While I (wait) for the police to come, a friend (see) me, (stop) his car and (say) he (keep) me company. REALIZED COULD NOT DID NOT HAVE ASKED HAD DIDN’T HAVE WAS CALLED TOLD PROMISED HADHAPPENED WOULD COME UNWRAPPED WERE SAW HADBOUGHT WERE CAME FOUND WAS WAITING HADSTOLEN SAW STOPPED SAID WOULD KEEP

48. 12.At first the authorities (think) the athlete (take) drugs, but soon they (realise) that they (mix) up the results of the tests. 13. When the film star (come) into the restaurant, everybody (run) towards her asking for autographs. I (not, recognise) her because I (not, see) any of her films. PAST TENSES --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- past perfect past future-in-the-past simple & continuous simple & continuous simple & continuous the day before yesterday yesterday the day after yesterday PAST SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS DESCRIBE ACTIONS WHICH HAPPENED IN THE PAST AND WE KNOW WHEN THEY HAPPENED. PAST PERFECT HAPPENED BEFORE THE ACTION EXPRESSED BY PAST SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS. FUTURE IN THE PAST DESCRIBES AN ACTION WHICH WILL HAPPEN AFTER THE ACTION EXPRESSED BY PAST SIMPLE OR CONTINUOUS. THOUGHT HAD TAKEN REALISED HAD MIXED CAME DIDN’TRECOGNIZE RAN HADN’TSEEN

49. COMMANDS Commands, orders, requests and advice are reported by using an infinitive construction: POSITIVE COMMANDS 1. Mother: “GO to the bathroom at once, Peter.” 2. Mother: “Philip, BRING me your homework, please.” 3. Mother: “TAKE a look at yourself in the mirror, Mary.” Note the changes of personal pronouns, adjectives etc. Verbs used for introducing commands, requests, advice: advise, ask, beg, command, invite, offer, order, remind, tell, urge, warn…. She told him TO GOto the bathroom at once. She asked him TO BRING her his homework. She advised her TO TAKE a look at herself in the mirror.

50. NEGATIVE COMMANDS 1. Father: “DON’T DRIVE so fast, John.” 2. Father: “DON’T SPEND all your money on food and drink, John.” 3. Father: “DON’T MAKE me angry with your stupid remarks, John.” He ordered him NOT TO DRIVE so fast. He warned him NOT TO SPEND all his money on food and drinks. He begged him NOT TO MAKE him angry with his stupid remarks.