Objectives

1. Objectives • Students will explore why Europe was on the brink of war in 1914. • Students will identify the indirect and direct of the war. • Students will discover how warfare changed during WWI. • Students will explore how the United States entered the war. • Students will explore the issues made the peace process difficult. • Students will discern the cost of war.

2. OPPRESSION OF WAR • By Ken Cawthon

3. Click the icon to play Listen to History audio. Click the icon below to connect to the Interactive Maps.

4. One has indeed personally to come under the shadow of war to feel fully its oppression; but as the years go by it seems now often forgotten that to be caught in youth by 1914 was no less hideous an experience than to be involved in 1939 and the following years. By 1918, all but one of my close friends were dead. — J.R.R. Tolkien, forward to The Lord of the Rings

5. Central Powers • Germany • Austria-Hungary • Allied Powers (Triple Entente) • Great Britain • France • Russia • Serbia Indirect Causes of World War I

6. The Causes

9. The Impact Fighting Begins • Serbian Gavrilo Princip assassinated archduke, wife • Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia • Russia prepared to support Serbia • Austria-Hungary ally Germany saw Russia as threat • Germany declared war on Russia, ally France • Germany faced war on two fronts: Russia to east, France to west • Decided to strike France quickly then move to Russia • Began with quick strike into neutral Belgium • Attack on neutral country led Great Britain to declare war on Germany War Breaks Out In the midst of the tensions with Serbia, archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary decided to visit the Bosnian city of Sarajevo.

10. The War to End all Wars

13. Industrial Age Weapons Technology (Militarism)

22. Fighting in 1914 • Germany’s plan • Germany wanted to quickly defeat France, move east to fight Russia • Great Britain’s declaration of war on Germany doomed its plan • The Great War became bloody stalemate • Early battles • Battle of the Frontiers pitted German troops against both French and British • Both sides suffered heavy losses • Germany victorious • Russia enters fighting • Russia attacked German territory from the east • Russians defeated in Battle of Tannenberg • Germany distracted from France, Allies turned on German invaders

23. In the Trenches: Bloody Stalemate

24. “What is this war? It is mud, trenches, blood, rats, lice, bombs, pain, barbed wire, decaying flesh, gas, death, rain, cats, tears, bullets, fear and a loss of faith in all that we once believed in“ Otto Dix

28. The Italian Front The Battle of Verdun • Italy joined Allied Powers, May 1915 • Sent forces against Austria-Hungary at border with Italy • Series of back-and-forth battles • Little progress made • Germans planned assault on French fortress, Verdun • Believed French would defend fortress at all costs • Battle of Verdun meant to kill, injure as many French soldiers as possible • 400,000 French casualties in 10 months of fighting, almost as many for Germany Battles on the Western Front While people on the home front supported their troops, the war in Western Europe was going badly for the Allied Powers.

29. The Battle of the Somme • British launched attack in Somme River area to pull German troops away from Verdun • Main assault during 1916, but no major breakthrough • Both sides lost great number of troops; British suffered nearly 60,000 casualties on the first day of fighting • The Third Battle of Ypres • Failed French offensive caused rebellion among French soldiers, spring 1917 • British began offensive near Ypres, Belgium, site of German attacks • Third Battle of Ypres a disaster for British • After 3 years of battle, front lines remained virtually unchanged http://www.toptenz.net/top-10-bloodiest-battles-of-world-war-i.php

30. Armenian Massacre • Different conflict elsewhere in Ottoman Empire during Gallipoli Campaign • Russia launched attack in Caucasus • Mountain region between Black and Caspian seas • Home to ethnic Christian Armenians, minority in Muslim Ottoman Empire • Use of Force • Ottoman leaders claimed Armenians aided Russians • Began forcibly removing Armenians from Caucasus, spring 1915 • Violence, starvation • 600,000 Armenians died in massacre • Ottoman leaders accused of genocide, destruction of racial, political or cultural group

31. Revolution Begins Czar Nicholas II Calendar Change • Citizens protested in streets of Petrograd, March 8, 1917 • Police, soldiers refused to shoot rioters • Government was helpless • Ordered legislature to disband • His order defied • Citizens, government, military refused to obey Czar • Forced to abdicate, March 15, 1917 • March revolution known as February Revolution • Russian calendar at time 13 days behind • New calendar adopted, 1918 The Russian Revolution By the end of 1916, Russia was once again on the edge of a revolution. As the new year began and conditions in Russia continued to worsen, the Russian people clearly wanted a change.

34. The Russian Revolution • Provisional Government • Duma established temporary government • Led by Aleksandr Kerensky • Many unhappy with new leadership • Bolsheviks • Led opposition to Kerensky’s provisional government • Wanted fundamental change in government and society • Planned Marxist revolution • Bolshevism • Abolish private property • Enforce social equality • Later known as Marxism-Leninism • Vladimir Lenin • Bolshevik leader forced to live outside Russia • Returned, April 1917 • Germany hoped Lenin would weaken Russian war effort

36. Bolshevik takeover Lenin became leader • Conditions ideal for Lenin • Armed Bolshevik factory workers, Red Guard, attacked provisional government, November 1917 • Known as October Revolution • Kerensky’s government collapsed after nearly bloodless struggle • Established radical Communist program • Made private ownership of land illegal • Land given to peasants • Control of factories given to workers The Bolshevik Revolution • Kerensky’s final offensive • Kerensky ordered final military offensive against Central Powers along Eastern Front, mid-1917 • Drive failed and led to widespread rebellion in Russian army • Weakened Russian army collapsed

38. After the Revolution Lenin sought to end Russian involvement in World War I • Sent Leon Trotsky to negotiate peace with Central Powers • Russia’s army virtually powerless • Trotsky had to accept agreement harsh on Russia • Russia gained peace, gave up large parts of empire

39. United States Enters the War

40. http://www.lpusd.k12.ca.us/rm1/online/hotpotatoestav/lusitania-nyt2.JPGhttp://www.lpusd.k12.ca.us/rm1/online/hotpotatoestav/lusitania-nyt2.JPG

47. A New German Offensive Assault on West • Wanted to deal decisive blow to Central Powers before U.S. had time to ready for war • Opportunity came with Russia’s withdrawal from war • Russia out by end of 1917 • German troops no longer needed on Eastern front • Could launch new offensive in the west • Launched major assault, March 1918 • Made progress, advanced to within 40 miles of Paris • High cost to Germany, lost 800,000 troops • By June, 1918, U.S. troops arrived in Europe • Gave Allies hope, discouraged Germans The End of the Fighting German leaders knew America entering the war would increase the strength of Allied Powers.

48. German Collapse • Balance of power shifted • Allied forces stopped German assault in Second Battle of the Marne • Allies now on the offensive • Allies used tanks, aircraft; gained huge amounts of territory • Germany a defeated force • Many Germans gave up without a fight • Began to doubt their own power • Great turmoil within German ranks • End of war • Allied forces broke through Hindenburg Line • German leaders sought armistice with Allies • Other Central Powers also admitted defeat, war ended