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Time transfers within households along the lifecycle: a NTA and gender perspective

Time transfers within households along the lifecycle: a NTA and gender perspective. Anne Solaz ( Ined ) Elena Stancanelli (Paris 1).

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Time transfers within households along the lifecycle: a NTA and gender perspective

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  1. Time transfers within households along the lifecycle: a NTA and gender perspective Anne Solaz (Ined) Elena Stancanelli (Paris 1)

  2. Time spend on unpaidworkalong the lifecycleANXO D., MENCARINI L., PAILHE A., SOLAZ A, TANTURRI M-L., FLOOD L. 2010, "Genderdifferences in time-use over the life-course. A comparative analysis of France, Italy, Sweden and the United States ", FeministEconomics vol 17 (3), 159-195. Etats-Unis Italie France Suède

  3. Adding gender and time use in NTA Non monetary transfers between generations and sex, invisible for NA, but have an economic value. Same methodology (NTA): National domestic production (spend by household members on domestic work) Production is then allocated to groups (age, sex) who benefit from = National domestic consumption (used by households members) Unit: time in minutes (might be valued in monetary terms) Life-cycle deficit (Age-specific profiles)

  4. 3 French time-use surveys to becompared

  5. IdentifyingUnpaidwork Twocriterias • Not counted in national accounts= unpaid, not linkedto a market transaction. • Household production= goods and services which have a value. The activitycouldbedone by someoneelse if youpay (marketable substitute)

  6. Definitionof unpaidwork Primary activities (secondary ones are of bad quality) • housework Cleaning, laundry, cooking, good and services purchasing, household management And also “half-leisure” activities such as maintenance and repairs, garden care, pet care …to be discussed • Childcare : active childcare, including children transport • Care for elderly (adult care)

  7. Question 1 :Definitionof unpaidwork Include all activities that concern home production of the current household Question : What about domestic activities • for other household? other home production • volunteering activities? unpaid work but not home production not always possible to isolate (1999 survey only), very small amount of time except for care for elderly Adultcaremight be for adult outside the household

  8. Question 2: Whichweight do weneed to use? • Respondents who filled the daily booklet have a weight • Children have no individual weight (but have household weight) « Less worse » solution? - household weights for everybody - average of individual adults weights - Building self weight using census age distributions

  9. Question 3: Whichhouseholds to bekept? • Complete households? All members have filled the booklet Advantages : -the equalitybetween C and P istrueat the micro-level -total household production mightbeallocate to differentconsumerswithinhousehold Drawback: loose of representativeness (for 2010), reductionof sample size but wecan impute for adultswho have not filled time diary

  10. 1. Production • How much time each individual according to age and gender spend on housework production, childcare and adultcare? Remark: child participation to domestic workload highly dependant of survey design (interviewed from 15 in 1985 and 1999, from 11 in 2010 ) Before this age: no activities reported

  11. Daily (mn) domesticwork production 1985

  12. Daily (mn) domesticwork production 1999

  13. Daily (mn) domesticwork production 2010

  14. Daily(mn) domesticwork production 1985, 1999 and 2010

  15. Gender gap in domestic production

  16. Home production by birthcohort

  17. 2.Definition of consumption of housework Housework benefit to all household members (cleanness, meals, laundry ) Total domestic time spent by all members divided by number of beneficiers Childcare benefit to all children Total childcare time divided by number of children (<18, less?) …to be discussed Adultcare Not enough on a daily reporting basis in France to allocate it to dependent adults

  18. Daily(mn) domesticworkconsumption1985, 1999 and 2010

  19. 3. Lifecycledeficit

  20. Lifecycledeficit by cohort and sex

  21. 4. Monetaryevaluationof unpaidwork Method 1: On each type of activities (cleaning, laundry, cooking, household maintenance and repair, ….) find an averagehourlywage of the similar profession obtainedfrom national employmentsurveys (ex: nannieswage for childcare). Method 2 : Minimum wage Method 3 : Opportunitycost ( same time = differentmonetaryevaluation)

  22. Conclusion • High levels of genderspecializationthat tend to decrease but slowly, thanks to the decrease in female home production ratherthan an increase in male home production. • Time cost of childbearingis visible. A keyperiodbetween 30 and 45 for women and to a lesserextend for men, (laterthan in 80’s because of the delay in parenthood) that corresponds to the middle of carreer and mightparticipate to explain the genderwage gap (Hersch and Stratton, 1994). • Birthcohortapproachconfirm cross-sectionnalapproach. It does not predictany change for men participation.

  23. Smoothingwith stata (differentmethods)

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