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Unit 43. Nervous System. Objectives. Spell and define terms. State the location and functions of the organs of the nervous system. List five diagnostic tests used to determine conditions of the nervous system. Objectives. Describe fifteen common conditions of the nervous system.
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Unit 43 Nervous System
Objectives • Spell and define terms. • State the location and functions of the organs of the nervous system. • List five diagnostic tests used to determine conditions of the nervous system.
Objectives • Describe fifteen common conditions of the nervous system. • Describe nursing assistant actions related to the care of patients with conditions of the nervous system.
Objectives • Explain the proper care, handling, and insertion of an artificial eye. • Explain the proper care, handling, and insertion of a hearing aid.
Structure and Function • Nervous system • Controls and coordinates all body activities, including the production of hormones • Special parts of the nervous system • Concerned with maintaining normal day-to-day functions
Structure and Function • Other parts act during emergency situations • Still others control voluntary activities
Structure and Function • Neurological conditions require highly specialized nursing care • You will assist with the less technical aspects of this care
Common Conditions • Nervous system usually remains healthy • Injury or disease to the brain, spinal cord, or nerves requires appropriate treatment
Cerebrovascular Accident • Cerebrovascular accident (CVA, stroke) • Occurs when blood flow to the brain is interrupted • Usually as a result of a blood clot blocking a vessel • Rupture of a blood vessel • Spilling blood into the brain
Cerebrovascular Accident • Hemiparesis (weakness) • Hemiplegia (paralysis) • Develop on the opposite side from the area of the brain where the stroke occurred
Cerebrovascular Accident • You will notice a difference when comparing both sides of the body • From head to foot • Refer to Figure 43 - 12A and Figure 43-12B
Cerebrovascular Accident • Cerebrovascular accident • Leading cause of disability in the U.S. • Getting rapid treatment is essential • This prevents further damage to the brain
Cerebrovascular Accident • About 80 percent of strokes are ischemic • A clot blocks a blood vessel • About 15 percent are bleeding (hemorrhagic) • A vessel ruptures
Transient Ischemic Attack • A transient ischemic attack (TIA) • Temporary reduction of blood flow to the brain • Usually lasts 2 to 15 minutes • May last as long as 24 hours
Transient Ischemic Attack • Signs and symptoms are similar to those of strokes • Patient usually makes a complete recovery • Patient is at risk for stroke in the future • ABCD Stroke Scale helps predict stroke risk
ABCD Stroke Scale • Risk of stroke within seven days of a TIA: Score Risk 1-3 0.0% 4 1.1% 5 12.1% 6 31.4% (Rothwell PM, Giles MF, Flossmann E, et al. A simple score (ABCD) to identify individuals at high early risk of stroke after transient ischemic attack. Lancet. 2005;366:29‑36.)
Paralysis • Many neurologic conditions cause paralysis • Usually caused by a spinal cord injury in which sensation and function are lost or impaired below the level of injury.
Paralysis • Lesion • Alteration or change in tissue • Damage to the spinal cord
Paralysis • Terms used to describe paralysis are: • Diplegia • Paralysis affecting the same region on both sides of the body (such as both arms) • Hemiplegia • Paralysis on one entire side of the body (such as the arm and leg)
Paralysis • Terms used to describe paralysis are: • Monoplegia • Paralysis affecting one limb only • Paraplegia • Paralysis of the trunk (usually below the waist) and both legs
Paralysis • Terms used to describe paralysis are: • Quadriplegia • Paralysis of the trunk (usually below the neck), both arms, and both legs • Tetraplegia • Another term for quadriplegia • Use of this word is encouraged, instead of using quadriplegia