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Social Change and Global Inequality: Modernization and Progress

Explore the concepts of modernization, progress, and their impact on global inequality. Learn about cultural lags, diffusion of innovations, capitalism, command economies, the Protestant Reformation, the spirit of capitalism, the state theory of modernization, and world system theory. Understand the dynamics between core, peripheral, and semiperipheral nations and their GDP.

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Social Change and Global Inequality: Modernization and Progress

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  1. Chapter 17 Social Change: Development and Global Inequality Key Terms

  2. ModernizationThe process of industrialization, economic development, and technological innovation by which a culture achieves high standards of living and maximizes control over the physical environment. • Idea of progressThe philosophical doctrine that technological and social progress is inevitable.

  3. Cultural lagsPeriods of delay following a change in one part of a society when other parts of the society have not yet readjusted. • DiffusionThe process by which innovations spread from one society to another.

  4. Capitalism An economic system based on free-market exchanges and individual property rights with the result that any individual can benefit from becoming more productive. • Command economiesEconomic systems wherein property rights are not secure and much productive activity is based on coerced labor.

  5. Protestant ReformationThe separation of Protestant Christians from the Roman Catholic Church during the sixteenth century; usually associated with the founding of the Lutheran Church in Germany. • Spirit of capitalismAccording to Weber, a nonreligious version of the Protestant ethic; values favoring hard work, thrift, and the importance of economic success.

  6. Protestant ethicAccording to Weber, doctrines holding that economic success reflects God’s grace. • State theory of modernizationTheory that wherever the power of the state to seize private property is curtailed, free markets will appear, capitalism will develop, and modernization will occur as a result of mass efforts to become more productive.

  7. World system theory (or dependency theory) Theory stating that some nations become modernized by exploiting other nations and that their continuing exploitation prevents less developed nations from becoming fully modernized. • Core nationsAccording to Wallerstein, those most modernized nations, having diversified economies and stable internal politics, that dominate the world system.

  8. Peripheral nations According to Wallerstein, those nations in the world system that are forced to specialize in the export of unprocessed raw materials and food to the core nations and that must import manufactured goods. This makes them dependent on the core nations, which in turn force them to adopt economic and social policies that prevent them from modernizing.

  9. Semiperipheral nationsWallerstein’s term for nations that fall in between core and peripheral nations, being more industrialized than the latter and less industrialized than the former. • Gross domestic product (GDP)The final value of all economic activities within a society. When GDP is divided by the total population of a society, the result is per capita GDP.

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