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The Nervous System: Structure, Neurons, and Brain Functions

Explore the basic structure of the nervous system, the functions of neurons, and the coordination of movement and thinking in the brain.

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The Nervous System: Structure, Neurons, and Brain Functions

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  1. Chapter 4 Body and Behavior

  2. Do Now: What sort of exercise or sports do you engage in? How does your body respond when you do these activities?

  3. The Nervous System

  4. - Understand that the nervous system helps us know how messages that are sent to and from the brain cause behavior. Section 1 - Objective The Nervous System: The Basic Structure

  5. CNS vs. PNS • Central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. • Peripheral nervous system consists of the nerve branches that reach the rest of the body.

  6. Diagram a Neuron Dendrites Axon Terminal Cell Body Axon Myelin Sheath Nucleus

  7. Explain what each piece of a Neuron does. • Dendrites  receives & transmits messages • Cell body → contains DNA and provides metabolic support • Axon  carries signal from body to the axon terminal • Axon Terminal  receives impulse from axon & releases neurotransmitters to stimulate dendrites. • Myelin Sheath  insulates & protects axon

  8. What are Neurotransmitters?Give Examples. Definition  Chemicals released by neurons, which determine the rate at which other neurons fire. Examples: -Norepinephrine: used to treat depression and helps with memory and learning -Endorphin: Inhibits pain, can give a feeling like being high -Acetylcholine: used to treat paralysis/Alzheimer’s, helps with movement and memory -Dopamine: helps with learning, emotional arousal & movement. Too much leads to schizophrenia and too little to Parkinson’s disease -Serotonin: regulates mood, too little leads to depression

  9. Briefly describe Neuron activity. • Ascending  carries impulses to brain • Descending  carries motor impulses from brain • Afferent (Sensory) Neurons  relay messages from sense organs to the brain • Efferent (Motor) Neurons  send signals from brain to glands & muscles • Interneurons  process signals, connecting only to other neurons

  10. Voluntary & Involuntary Activities • Two parts to the PNS: • The somatic nervous system (SNS) controls voluntary activities. • The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls involuntary activities and has 2 parts.

  11. What are the 2 parts of the autonomic nervous system and what do they do? • Sympathetic  Prepares body for emergencies & strenuous activity. • All is done automatically • Speeds up heart rate, increases oxygen to muscle tissue, increase blood pressure and suspends other activities

  12. What are the 2 parts of the autonomic nervous system and what do they do? • Parasympathetic  conserves energy and enhances recovery • All happens automatically. • Lowers blood pressure and heart rate to stabilize body. • Prepares body for recovery.

  13. Construct a graphic organizer of the nervous system.

  14. ■The nervous system is divided into two parts: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. • ■Messages to and from the brain travel along the nerves. • ■Nerve cells called neurons have three basic parts: the cell body, dendrites, and the axon. • ■ The somatic nervous system controls the body’s voluntary activities, and the autonomic nervous system controls the body’s involuntary activities. Section 1 Recap Main Idea: Learning about the nervous system helps us know how messages that are sent to the brain cause behavior.

  15. Discuss the many parts of the brain that work together to coordinate movement and stimulate thinking and emotions. Section 2 - Objective Studying the Brain

  16. Vocab words that need some defining. Parts of the Brian Tests Electroencephalograph (EEG) Computerized axial tomography (CT) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) • Hindbrain • Midbrain • Forebrain • Lobes

  17. What do each of the following control? • Cerebellum  Posture, Balance, & voluntary moves • Medulla  Breathing, Heart-rate, Reflexes • Pons  Bridges spinal cord & brain, produces chemicals for sleep • Midbrain  RAS alert brain to incoming signals & regulates sleep/wake cycle • Thalamus  relay station for info to cortex from eyes, ear & skin

  18. What do each of the following control? • Hypothalamus  controls hunger, thirst, temperature change & sexual arousal • Cerebral Cortex  allows learning, stores complex & abstract info, projects thinking into the future, allows you to see, read, and understand words • Cortex  conscious thinking process • Limbic System  regulates emotion & motivation, made up of the Hypothalamus, Amygdala, Thalamus, & Hippocampus

  19. What do each of the following control? • Amygdala  controls rage & fear • Hippocampus  forms memories • Cerebrum  covers limbic system

  20. What conclusions were drawn from experiments done on people with split brain injuries? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MVdjupsToAE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0S09GImDB5Y • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=82tlVcq6E7A

  21. What conclusions were drawn from experiments done on people with split brain injuries? • Each hemisphere is unique with specialized functions and skills. Most people remained unchanged in intelligence, personality, and emotions.

  22. Examples of how psychologists study the brain • Recording  Using EEG electrical impulses and neuron activity are monitored • Stimulation  Electric impulses are used on various parts of the brain to stimulate and/or alter behavior • Lesions  Destroying parts of the brain to alter behavior • Accidents  studying the brain after trama in order to explain behavior changes • Images  researchers use various techniques to views the brain and look for activity and/or activity

  23. EEG - electroencephalograph

  24. Lesions Scientists create lesions by cutting or destroying part of an animals brain. Studies behavior before and after lesion created. If behavior has changed it is assumed that the part of the brain that was destroyed was responsible for the behavior.

  25. IMAGES OF THE BRAIN PET (positron emission tomography) scans are used to see which parts of the brain are being activated while performing tests CT scans used to pinpoint brain injuries and brain deterioration

  26. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scans are used to study brain structure and activity

  27. ■The brain is made of three parts: the hindbrain, the midbrain, and the forebrain. • ■The cortex of the brain is divided into the left and the right hemispheres; the left hemisphere controls the movements of the right side of the body, and the right hemisphere controls the movements of the left side of the body. • ■Psychologists use recording, stimulation, lesions, and imaging to study the brain. Section 2 Recap Main Idea: There are many parts in the human brain that work together to coordinate movement and stimulate thinking and emotions, resulting in behavior.

  28. Explain how the endocrine system controls and excites growth and affects emotions and behavior. Section 3 - Objective The Endocrine System

  29. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J-qQbIiOtYM What gives people the energy to keep running or fighting through an emergency situation?

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