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MOTIVATION

MOTIVATION. Winter 2011. Candace Genest, Ph.D. HBD4741.01 / HBD5741.01. January 12, 2011. Introduction. Candace M. Genest, Ph.D. - Clinical Neuropsychologist

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MOTIVATION

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  1. MOTIVATION Winter 2011 Candace Genest, Ph.D. • HBD4741.01 / HBD5741.01 January 12, 2011

  2. Introduction • Candace M. Genest, Ph.D. • - Clinical Neuropsychologist • - Graduate School of Psychology at Fuller Theological Seminary. She holds a Masters Degree in Christian Leadership and a Master of Arts in Psychology, also from Fuller. • - Dr. Genest currently works in a group practice providing neuropsychological evaluation, cognitive rehabilitation, and individual psychotherapy.

  3. Syllabus & Schedule • Review: • - Syllabus • - Schedule • - Assignments

  4. Technology • - E-mail • - ftp Site • - Library / Research resources

  5. Definitions: • Motivation • Describes forces acting on or within an organism to initiate and direct behavior • Describe differences in intensity of behavior • Persistence of behavior • The “something” that triggers behavior

  6. Wide & Varied Definitions: • Activation • Overt Responding - production of bx; can observe bx • If no bx: motivation insufficient (not necessarily absent) • Or - may not be an overt behavior / response • Persistence - continued activation of bx • However, if alternate bx available - persistence not always present • Vigor - More energetic response suggests higher level motivation

  7. Additional Characteristics: • Directionality • Index of motivational state

  8. How do we measure it? • Rarely direct • Acts as an intervening variable to produce a change in bx • Temporary • When enough is present = behavior is performed • When absent = behavior absent

  9. Starting Points: • Motivation vs. “Want to” • Constant flow of behavior • Can be directed in many different ways • Genetically / Evolutionary • Goal to sustain and maintain life • Instincts - genetically motivated behavior

  10. Instinct • William James: 1890 - Instinct, emotion, and thought • Instinct - what we now know as nervous system “built-ins” • Bx differently when angry, sad, happy, etc. • Cognitive processes (ideo-motor action) • MacLean (1977) - triune brain • Reptilian brain: Survival / Hardwired • Paleomammalian brain: Emotional analysis • Neuomammalian brain: External stimuli + thought

  11. Categorizing Theories Instinct: nomothetic, mechanistic, innate, internal/external Attribution: nomothetic, cognitive, acquired, internal/external • Nomothetic: abstract, universal principles (physio) • Mechanistic: Internal / innate patterns; no control over activation • Innate: instinct (bx / ethology) • Internal: Needs / drives • Idiographic: unique properties; (humanistic / actualization) • Cognitive: interpret information in environment • Acquired: (learning) • External: goals/incentives

  12. Approaches to Analysis • Physiological • EEG, PET, MRI • Individual • Self-report; observation of changes in behavior • Social Analysis • Group Behavior • Philosophical • Self-actualization; positive/aversive states

  13. Terms & Constructs • Energy: source & direction • Physiological: brain structures • Learning: Incentives /modeling • Social Interaction: authority • Cognitive: Info processing • Activation: central receptors in brain; other means of triggering • Homeostasis: maintaining optimal state • Hedonism: approach pleasure and avoid pain • Growth: reaching for full potential

  14. Philosophers • Aristotle • Soul=free will; Mind=blank slate (nurture) • Determinism (nature) • Descartes - dualism; innate ideas / instincts • Locke - • Sensation / Perception / association of ideas

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