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PIA 2000 Introduction to Public Affairs. Managing Budgets and Money. PIA 2000 Focus. Themes for the Week: Bureaucracies, Budgets and Decision-Making. How Purposeful?. Decision-Making Models and Spending: An Overview of Concepts. Rational- Comprehensive
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PIA 2000 Introduction to Public Affairs Managing Budgets and Money
PIA 2000 Focus Themes for the Week: Bureaucracies, Budgets and Decision-Making
Decision-Making Models and Spending: An Overview of Concepts • Rational- Comprehensive • Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) • Bureaucratic Politics • Group Think • Satisficing/Incrementalism • Cybernetic Theories (chaos theory) • Decision-Making and Financial Management (The Hub of the Debate)
Decision-Making and Budgets Themes and Definitions
1. Rational Model • Comprehensive Approach • Optimal for achieving a goal or solving a problem. Determining optimality for rational behavior • Complete Availability of Information
Standard Operating Procedures • Pre-defined steps and activities of a process or procedure. An SOP provides employees in an organizational set of actions response to common external practices, activities, or tasks. • Established Procedures
Bureaucratic Politics • Officials are motivated by the need to promote their own organizations special interests in Competition with other Agencies in the decisions that they make • “Defending their Turf”
Bureaucratic Politics • Military Phrase:
Group Think • Group members, fearing to upset the leader, try to minimize conflict and reach a consensus decision without critical evaluation of alternative ideas or viewpoint
Satisficing/Incrementalism • Satisficing is a decision-making strategy that attempts to meet an acceptability threshold (first available option) at a very low level of analysis (Herbert Simon) • Incrementalism is a method of working by adding (or subtracting) to a project using many small (often unplanned) changes
Cybernetic Theories vs. Chaos • Cybernetic Theories: Causal chains of action that move from action to sensing to comparison with desired goal, and again to action (Models based on electricity, mechanics, or machines) • Chaos: Small differences in initial conditions (such as those due to rounding errors in numerical computation) yield widely diverging outcomes
Decision-Making and Financial Management A Review of Themes
Themes a. Budget: Recurrent vs. Capital (Development) Budgets b. Financial Management- Incrementalism and Satisficing vs. Zero Based Budgeting (Planning Systems) c. Accounting- Cost and Benefit vs. profit and loss
Themes d. Auditing vs. Accountability- Quantitative vs. Qualitative e. Evaluating- Assessment vs. Judgement f. Budgeting: Two themes- Reforming and Decision-making
1. Privatization and Contracting Out- Commercialization and intra-governmental competition (E.S. Savas) 2. Economic Bureaucracy, Public Sector Management: An Asian Model? (Chalmers Johnson) 3. End of the Third World? End of Development Budgets (SAPS) (Nigel Harris) Decision-Making and Financial Management (Review of Issues and Authors)
Decision-Making and Financial Management 4. Imbalance- Political vs. Bureaucratic Development in the role of financial management (The Corruption Problem) (Ferrel Heady) 5. Values and Education, money and Bricks- Development Management (John Armstrong) 6. International Organizations, NGOs and Development (Contracts vs. Grants) (Paul Nelson)
Decision-Making and Financial Management 8. Private Sector Development vs. Development Management: The role of public sector financial management (Oversight) (Mark Turner and David Hulme) 9. Public Sector Reform (Guy Peters and Michael Barzelay) 10. (Planning vs. Budgeting) Naomi Caiden and Aaron Wildavsky- 11. Is Budgeting and financial management impacted by Group Think? (Irving Janis)
Planning, Financial and Budgetary Management Systems in Poor Counties • Five historical periods- From a development perspective • Caiden and Wildavsky- Planning and Budgeting in Poor Countries • Best Book on realities of Public Budgeting and Development
Historical Periods: Famous Five i. Until the 1950s- recurrent budgets- law and order. ii. 1950s-1960s- growth. Domestic development Funds with bilateral technical assistance =Recurrent vs. Development budgets iii. 1960s-1970s: Distribution and basic needs. World Bank and Poorest of the poor
iv. Mid-1970s to mid-1980s: Planning vs. Budgets • Planning demanded by technical assistance • Technical assistance- both grants and loans (no private loans to Africa) • Project planning "wins" over national planning and budgeting systems
v. The Current State of Financial Management: Structural Adjustment • (Since 2001)- Structural Adjustment vs. Social Crisis
Conditionality- What is the future? Privatization of the economy a. divestiture b. contracting out c. liquidation d. sell off public private partnership shares
The Current State of Financial Management 1. IMF Stabilization- currency reform, auctions and trade liberalization 2. Decentralized Budgeting- Part of Governance Debate 3. World Bank and UNDP "Management" - Opposing views to SAPs 4. Human Resource Development (Millennium Development Goals)
The Current State of Financial Management 5. Continued Absence of recurrent budgets and loss of control in Crisis: especially re. “Terror Prone,” Collapsed and Fragile States 6. Activity (economy) driven by technical assistance projects - the only game in town 7. Bridging and sectoral loans and grants- major source of international involvement 8. Crisis in Governance and Human Security
Canadian Broadcasting System Image INDEPTH: ECONOMYOutsourcing: Contracting out becomes big businessCBC News Online | March 7, 2006
What is the Future? Privatization (Commercialization) of the bureaucracy vs. IN-SOURCING- Reinventing Government
The Bureaucracy and Decisions • Another View
Book Discussion • All the Kings Men (Robert Penn Warren) • The Promised Land (Nicholas Lemann) • What these books tell us about Public Policy and Public Affairs?
Presentations: Next Book Discussion November 8 • MPA Group- Daniel Okrent, The Last Call • MPIA Group-Dina Rasor and Robert Bauman, Betraying Our Troops • MID Group- Louis A. Picard, A Fragile Balance • MPPM Group- Janine Wedel, Shadow Elite
Dina Rasor and Robert Bauman • Dina Rasor is the Chief Investigator of the Follow the Money Project • Robert Bauman was Criminal Investigator for the Department of Defense
Terry Buss (2010) and Louis A. Picard (and Colleagues, 1966)