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Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration. Key Concepts:. All organisms produce ATP by releasing energy stored in glucose Cellular respiration can occur without oxygen (anaerobic) or with oxygen (aerobic) Photosynthesis are aerobic respiration have become linked on a global scale. PS vs. CR.

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Cellular Respiration

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  1. Cellular Respiration

  2. Key Concepts: • All organisms produce ATP by releasing energy stored in glucose • Cellular respiration can occur without oxygen (anaerobic) or with oxygen (aerobic) • Photosynthesis are aerobic respiration have become linked on a global scale

  3. PS vs. CR Sunlight Photosynthesis 6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H1206 + O2 Aerobic Respiration

  4. Aerobic Respiration: • Usually main path to ATP formation • Cannot be completed without oxygen

  5. Anaerobic Respiration: • Fermentation • Alcoholic & Lactic Acid Pathways • Not as efficient due to no oxygen being used

  6. Glycolysis - Overview: a) Process in both Aerobic & Anaerobic respiration b) Does not involve oxygen c) Breaking down of glucose d) Occurs in the cytoplasm

  7. Aerobic Respiration – Overview: a) produces the most ATP per molecule of glucose b) C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O Glucose Carbon Dioxide c) Three stages: glycolysis, krebs cycle, and electron transport phosphorylation d) Final two stages occurs in mitochondria

  8. Glycolysis – Stage 1: • Glucose present in the cytoplasm is partially broken down into the three carbon pyruvate molecule • Two NADH and four ATP are formed during the process • Two ATP molecules are needed at the beginning, thus there is a net of two ATP formed for every molecule of glucose

  9. Krebs Cycle – Stage 2 • Pyruvate formed during glycolysis enters the mitochondria • For each pyruvate molecules that enter (2 formed during glycolysis), three CO2, one ATP, four NADH, and one FADH2 are formed • Thus at the end of the second stage there is a net yield of four ATP molecules produced for every molecule of glucose

  10. Electron Transport Chain – 3rd Stage: • Takes place in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion • Powered by electrons move through transport proteins • Electrons moving through system push hydrogen ions into the outer compartment setting up a concentration & electrical gradient • As the H+ ions flow back in, it drives the formation of thirty two ATP molecules for every molecule of glucose

  11. Aerobic Respiration Summary: • Glucose is broken down into CO2 & H2O • Coenzymes transfer hydrogen and electrons from substrates to electron transport systems which drive ATP formation • O2 is final electron acceptor • Yields a net of 36 ATP molecules per one molecule of glucose

  12. Anaerobic Respiration: • Do not use oxygen as final acceptor of electrons • Two methods: • Fermentation (lactic acid & alcoholic)

  13. Fermentation: • Used by many bacteria and protists that live in oxygen deprived environments • Muscle cells will convert to it if oxygen is unavailable • Begins with glycolysis and net yield of 2 ATP, but does not produce any more ATP • Regenerates coenzymes instead

  14. Lactic Acid Fermentation: • Pyruvate from glycolysis is converted into lactate (lactic acid) in order to replenish coenzymes

  15. Alcoholic Fermentation: • Pyruvate form glycolysisis eventually converted into ethanol in order to replenish coenzymes

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