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Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates. Carbohydrates. Are organic compounds Are composed of: Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Contain 2 hydrogen atoms for every one oxygen atom [the term carbohydrate comes from hydrate (or water) of carbon]. Carbohydrates. There are 3 forms: Monosaccharides Disaccharides

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Carbohydrates

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  1. Carbohydrates

  2. Carbohydrates • Are organic compounds • Are composed of: • Carbon • Hydrogen • Oxygen • Contain 2 hydrogen atoms for every one oxygen atom [the term carbohydrate comes from hydrate (or water) of carbon]

  3. Carbohydrates There are 3 forms: • Monosaccharides • Disaccharides • Polysaccharides

  4. Monosaccharides • Are also called simple sugar • Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ration of 1:2:1 • Can combine in a condensation reaction to form disaccharides and polysaccharides • Give a positive test with Benedict’s Solution

  5. CH2OH CH2OH H C O H O H H C C H OH C OH C H OH OH C C C C OH H OH CH2OH OH H Glucose Fructose CH2OH H C O HO H C C H OH H OH C C H OH Galactose The most common monosaccharides are: All have the same formula C6H12O6 but their structures give them different properties

  6. Properties of monosaccharides • Glucose is a main source of energy for cells • Fructose is found in fruits and is the sweetest of the monosaccharides • Galactose is found in milk and is usually combined with glucose or fructose

  7. Disaccharides • Two monosaccharides combined in a condensation reaction to form a double sugar • The common form in which sugars are transported inside plants.

  8. CH2OH O H CH2OH C OH C H H C O H C C H OH C C H OH CH2OH OH H OH OH C C H OH Glucose CH2OH CH2OH H Fructose C O O H H + H C C C OH C H2O H H OH OH O C C C C CH2OH OH H H OH SUCROSE Formation of Disaccharides +

  9. Properties of disaccharides • Sucrose (glucose+fructose) is table sugar, and is found in the saps of sugarcane, maple trees, and sugar beets. • Lactose (galactose+glucose) is found in milk. • Maltose (glucose+glucose) gives barley seeds a sweet taste.

  10. Polysaccharides • Are carbohydrate polymers formed by the condensation of simple sugars into long chains - straight or branched • Give a positive test with Iodine

  11. CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH H H H C C C O O O H H H H H H C C C C C C H H H OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH C C C C C C H H H OH OH OH Glucose Glucose Glucose CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH H H H H C O C O C O H H H H H C C C C C C C C H H H OH OH OH O O O O C C C C C C H OH H OH H OH Glucose chain = Starch Formation of Polysaccharides + + + +

  12. Properties of polysaccharides • Serve as primary energy reserves • Starch - in plants, soft, water-soluble material • Glycogen - in animals, stored in muscles and liver • Provide form, strength, and rigidity • Cellulose - in plants, tough fibrous material, thousands of glucose molecules linked in long straight chains • Chitin - in insects, crabs, and lobsters

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