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Italian & German Unification

Italian & German Unification. Italy. (1859-1860). 1. Why wasn’t Italy united before 1850?. Antiquity: Roman Empire. 1. Why wasn’t Italy united before 1850?. Middle Ages: competing city-states. 1. Why wasn’t Italy united before 1850?. Congress of Vienna (1815): reorganized provinces.

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Italian & German Unification

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  1. Italian & German Unification

  2. Italy (1859-1860)

  3. 1. Why wasn’t Italy united before 1850? Antiquity:Roman Empire

  4. 1. Why wasn’t Italy united before 1850? Middle Ages: competing city-states

  5. 1. Why wasn’t Italy united before 1850? Congress of Vienna (1815): reorganized provinces

  6. 2. 1815-1848: 3 basic approaches to unification Mazzini, writer/philosopher/politician Approach #1: Goal: • centralized democratic republic • universal male suffrage Advocate: Giuseppe Mazzini FAILED (too radical)

  7. 2. 1815-1848: 3 basic approaches to unification Gioberti, Catholic priest Approach #2: Goal: • federation • pres. = progressive pope Advocate: Vincenzo Gioberti FAILED (Pope Pius IXopposed)

  8. 2. 1815-1848: 3 basic approaches to unification Victor Emmanuel, King of Sardinia-Piedmont (1849-1861) Approach #3: Goal: • union under leadership of Sardinia-Piedmont Advocate: ??? WINNER!!!

  9. 3. Key Events Early 1860: unification of N Italy Late 1860: unification of N & S 1866: Venice added 1870: Rome added

  10. 4a. The Soul: Mazzini (1805-1872) The Idealist Patriot The Duties of Man: “O my brothers, love your Country! Our country is our Home, the house that God has given us, placing therein a numerous family that loves us, and whom we love…”

  11. 4b. The Brains: Cavour (1810-1861) Noble Statesman in Sardinian Government, 1850-1861 Unification of Northern Italy • 1850s: strengthen Sardinia • 1858-1859: Quest to get Lombardy-Venetia from Austria! • ally w/ France • goad Austria into war • Franco-Sardinian victory! • France pulls support … separate peace w/ Austria: Italy gets Lombardy only • Cavour resigns

  12. 4b. The Brains: Cavour (1810-1861) Unification of Northern Italy • 1858-1859: Central Italy to the rescue – demand unification! • 1860: • Cavour returns & France re-pledges support • N. Italy unified (w/o Venetia)

  13. Unification of North & South Red Shirts 1860: conquer Sicily plan to invade Papal States  stopped by Cavour Cavour orders plebiscite  S. states vote to join N 4c. The Sword: Garibaldi (1807-1882) Military Leader

  14. 5. What did the new, unified Italy look like? Government: Divisions between: • parliamentary monarchy (Victor Emmanuel) • limited suffrage • social classes (rich/poor) • regions (N/S)

  15. Germany (1871)

  16. 1a. Entities: Holy Roman Empire loose affiliation of ≈300 German states 800-1806 “First Reich”

  17. 1b. Entities: German Confederation loose affiliation of 39 German states 1815-1866 replaced HRE purpose: military defense ineffective federal diet met at Frankfurt under Austrian pres.

  18. 1c. Entities: Schleswig-Holstein • Schleswig-Holstein: • mostly German • Holstein = member of German Confederation • ruled by Denmark • 1848 & 1864: WARS! Denmark vs. Germany over control of S-H

  19. 1d. Entities: Zollverein German customs union founded in 1834 to ↑ economy Prussia = leader included all German states but Austria b/c Austria did not want to ↓ tariffs

  20. 2a. People: Frederick William IV • King of Prussia (r. 1840-1861) • 1848: • new liberal constitution • accepts Prussian-led German unification • 1849: tries to be elected emperor of unified Germany • 1850: Austria & Russia successfully oppose Prussia’s unification plans

  21. 2b. People: William I King of Prussia (r. 1861-1888) 1st German Emperor (r. 1871-1888)

  22. 2c. People: Otto von Bismarck 1st German Chancellor (1871-1890) … “Iron Chancellor” Minister-President of Prussia (1862-1873) background: Prussian, Junker, conservative led German unification

  23. 3. 1st unification attempt: 1848 Revolution Frederick William I, the “Soldiers’ King” (r. 1713-1740) • Driving forces: • Liberalism: make absolutist Prussia a liberal constitutional monarchy • Nationalism: unite Germany • Events: • Constituent Assembly (Berlin) – liberal constitution for Prussia • National Assembly (Frankfurt) – constitution for unified Germany • Outcome: FAILURE!!!! • Fred Will IV makes conservative constitution for Prussia • Austria opposes unification

  24. 4. Obstacles to German Unification Denmark Austria Conservatism vs. Liberalism in Prussia

  25. 4a. Denmark • Denmark vs. Prussia & Austria over control of S-H • First Schleswig War (1848) = inconclusive • How obstacle overcome: Second Schleswig War (1864) = Denmark defeated

  26. 4b. Austria • Austria vs. Prussia over control of German affairs • Austria opposes Prussia’s 1848 unification attempt • Austria refuses Zollverein membership • Austro-Prussian War (1866) • How obstacle overcome: Prussian victory in Austro-Prussian War

  27. 4c. Liberalism vs. Conservatism in Prussia Liberals: Prussian parliament Conservatives: William I & Bismarck Events: 1862: parliament rejects William’s budget 1862: William appoints Bismarck chief minister 1862-1866: Bismarck rules w/o parliament (“blood & iron”) 1866: indemnity bill How obstacle overcome: liberals & Bismarck align in common pursuit of unification

  28. Cause: Prussia wants to control northern German Confederation war to drive Austria out of German affairs Outcome: Prussian victory Austria withdraws ***creation of North German Confederation*** 5a. Unification: Austro-Prussian War (1866) North German Confederation

  29. Cause: drive south German states to unify with the north France = common enemy Outcome: Prussian victory ***German unification achieved***  German nationalism harsh peace for France 5b. Unification: Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871) German Empire / “Second Reich” (1871-1918)

  30. 6. What did the new, unified Germany look like? • 25 states • parliamentary monarchy • strong national government: • emperor (Kaiser) • chancellor • 2-house parliament • Reichstag = lower house (universal male suffrage)

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